{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:47:39Z","timestamp":1789364859814,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,9]],"date-time":"2009-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An environmental assessment of hydrotropes was conducted under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Screening Information Data Sets (SIDS) for High Production Volume (HPV) Program via the Global International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) Hydrotropes Consortium. The assessment and its conclusions were presented at a meeting of the OECD member countries in Washington, DC in 2005. The SIDS Initial Assessment Report (SIAR) was accepted by the membership. Their conclusion was \u201cThe chemicals in this [hydrotropes] category are of low priority for further work because of their low hazard profile.\u201d Hydrotropes are used to solubilize the water-insoluble ingredients of cleaning and personal care products including, for example, powder and liquid laundry detergents, hard-surface cleaners, machine dishwashing rinse aids, hand dishwashing liquids, body washes, shampoos, hair conditioners, and liquid hand and face soaps. Global production equals approximately 46\u2009500 metric tons, a little more than half of which is used in the United States. The 8 chemicals accounted for in the \u201chydrotropes category\u201d include ammonium, Ca, K, and Na salts that are described by 10 Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registration numbers. The 8 chemical entities are generally comparable and predictable in their chemical behavior and that measured and\/or modeled data for members from one subgroup can be applied to other subgroups and to the hydrotropes category as a whole. The assessment is based on a search for and evaluation of available data on physical\u2013chemical properties, biodegradability, removal by wastewater treatment, and aquatic toxicity. Reliable ecotoxicity and environmental fate data were found for selected members of the category. Partitioning, once released into the environment, and exposure in surface waters were modeled for consumer use and manufacturing scenarios relevant to the United States, Europe, and Australia. The models indicate 99+% of the hydrotropes will partition to water. Furthermore, given the low potential for hydrotropes reaching the terrestrial environment and their lack of persistence or bioaccumulation, the focus of the assessment is on the aquatic environment, specifically the water compartment. Aquatic risks were assessed in each scenario using what is referred to as the PEC\/PNEC ratio. The modeled predicted environmental concentration (PEC), accounting for volume released and wastewater treatment, is divided by the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) derived from the aquatic toxicity tests. The closest a predicted environmental concentration came to the toxicity threshold is 0.125 (or 12.5% of the no effect concentration) and that is for a hypothetical manufacturing facility that produces the entire annual volume of hydrotropes and discharges to a small (10%ile) stream under low flow (7Q10) conditions. PEC\/PNEC ratios were considerably smaller for consumer use scenarios. The ratios were 0.0002 for a low flow (7Q10) stream scenario in the United States, 0.026 to 0.089 for regional and local water bodies, respectively, in Europe, and 0.004 to 0.036 for oceans and rivers, respectively, in Australia. In conclusion, aquatic hazard levels are not expected to be reached under exaggerated conditions of manufacture or normal consumer use of hydrotropes. Hydrotropes are neither persistent nor bioaccumulative in the environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:155\u2013163. \u00a9 2009 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/ieam_2009-019.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,26]],"date-time":"2009-06-26T17:45:56Z","timestamp":1246038356000},"page":"155-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Environmental risk assessment of hydrotropes in the United States, Europe, and Australia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Stanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Soap and Detergent Association, 1331 L Street, NW, Suite 650, Washington, DC 20005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caritas","family":"Tibazarwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter & Gamble Eurocor, Temselaan 100, Strombeek Bever, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Certa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sasol Germany GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Strasse 1, Marl, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Greggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Retired) The Procter & Gamble Company, 11810 East Miami River Road, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Hillebold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC, 525 West Van Buren Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lela","family":"Jovanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stepan Company, 22 West Frontage Road, Northfield, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Woltering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Sedlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Human and Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) of LAS","author":"[CLER] Council for LAB\/LAS Environmental Research","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1995.1003","article-title":"Integrated approach for environmental assessment of new and existing chemicals","volume":"21","author":"Cowan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib3","first-page":"337","author":"[EU] European Union","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib4","author":"[EUSES] European Union system for the evaluation of substances","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib5","volume-title":"Germany. IUCLID data sheet sodium cumenesulphonate","author":"Huels","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib6","author":"[HERA] Human & Environmental Risk Assessment","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib7","author":"Hydrotropes Survey","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1996.1076","article-title":"A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data","volume":"25","author":"Klimisch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib9","author":"OECD","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib10","author":"OECD SIDS","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib11","author":"OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM 22: Amine oxides","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib12","volume-title":"Evaluation of potential for removability: The modified semi-continuous activated sludge test with SAR 33-55","author":"Ruetgers-Nease Chemical, Inc","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib13","volume-title":"Acute toxicity of SAR 33-55 to Selenastrum capricornutum","author":"Ruetgers-Nease Chemical, Inc","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2009.01208.x","article-title":"High production volume chemical amine oxides [C8-C20] category environmental risk assessment","volume":"29","author":"Sanderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib15","volume-title":"Stepanate SXS - Toxicity to the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum","author":"Stepan Company","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib16","author":"[USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib17","author":"[USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025010718244888200_bib18","author":"[USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1897%2FIEAM_2009-019.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article-pdf\/6\/1\/155\/59403916\/20090191.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article-pdf\/6\/1\/155\/59403916\/20090191.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T13:53:08Z","timestamp":1736257988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article\/6\/1\/155\/7741477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1897\/ieam_2009-019.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-3777","1551-3793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-3777","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-3793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-02-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-06-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-11-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}