{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:16:07Z","timestamp":1761128167812,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,5]],"date-time":"2009-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2227,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Preliminary acute soil toxicity tests are a starting point for risk assessment. These tests are performed at one exposure time and are used to estimate the lethal concentration for 50% of the population (LC50). However, it is known that LC50 varies over time, following an exponential decay model. Here, we present the variation of LC50 over time in the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus exposed to [14C]lindane when considering the concentrations measured in bulk soil and in extracted water. Using a wide range of concentrations, the percent mortality was recorded over various time intervals. Higher concentrations strongly influenced isopod survival. The LC50\u221e value for P. pruinosus was 3.57 \u03bcg\/g for bulk soil concentration, suggesting a great sensitivity of this species to lindane. Simultaneously, the values estimated for the lethal body concentration (LBC) were 2.36 \u03bcg\/g animal for bulk soil concentrations and 2.79 \u03bcg\/g animal when extracted water concentrations are considered. An alternative to the LC50 determination is the estimation of LBC, which is proposed as a better way to describe the acute toxicity of chemicals. Kinetic-based toxicity models were fitted to the data and revealed uptake rate constants of 1.1 g soil\/g animal\/week and 84.3 ml extracted water\/g animal\/week for bulk soil and extracted water concentrations, respectively. Elimination rate constants of 1.7 per week were found for both pathways of exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/02-458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,18]],"date-time":"2004-11-18T16:55:49Z","timestamp":1100796949000},"page":"2221-2227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Time-dependent toxicokinetics of [14c]lindane in the terrestrial isopod <i>Porcellionides pruinosus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"S\u00f3nia A. P.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Bragan\u00e7a, Quinta de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, Apartado 58, P-5300 Bragan\u00e7a, Portuga"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 P.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade de Coimbra, P-3004\u2013517 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Biological Research Center, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, D-14191 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Amadeu M. V. M.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, P-3810\u2013193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Terrestrial plants, growth test","year":"1984","author":"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.","key":"2025010318032813800_bib1"},{"first-page":"1123","year":"1997","author":"American Society for Testing and Materials.","key":"2025010318032813800_bib2"},{"volume-title":"Earthworms, acute toxicity tests","year":"1984","author":"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.","key":"2025010318032813800_bib3"},{"volume-title":"Evaluation of side-effects plant protection products\u2014Apis mellifera L","year":"1991","author":"European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.","key":"2025010318032813800_bib4"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1897\/1552-8618(1993)12[1117:TOHBIF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of halogenated benzenes in fish: Lethal body burden as a toxicological end point","volume":"12","author":"Sijm","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"year":"1994","author":"Belfoid","key":"2025010318032813800_bib6"},{"volume-title":"Principles of Ecotoxicology","year":"1996","author":"Walker","key":"2025010318032813800_bib7"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1752-1_2","volume-title":"Bioindicator Systems for Soil Pollution","author":"Van Straalen","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib9","first-page":"167","volume-title":"The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol 2-J\u2014Bioaccumulation","author":"Sijm","year":"2000"},{"first-page":"397","year":"1993","author":"Boesten","key":"2025010318032813800_bib10"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1139\/a96-015","article-title":"Bioavailability and toxicokinetics of hydrophobic aromatic compounds in benthic and terrestrial invertebrates","volume":"4","author":"Belfroid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Rev"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620101203","article-title":"Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning","volume":"10","author":"Di Toro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1021\/es00176a002","article-title":"Developing national sediment quality criteria","volume":"22","author":"Shea","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(91)90045-R","article-title":"Deriving quality criteria for water and sediment from the results of aquatic toxicity tests and product standards\u2014 Application of the equilibrium partitioning methods","volume":"25","author":"Van Der Kooij","year":"1991","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987505","article-title":"Modelling the accumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in earthworms: Application of the equilibrium partitioning theory","volume":"2","author":"Belfroid","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(88)90084-X","article-title":"Toxicity and bioaccumulation of chlorophenols in earthworms in relation to bioavailability in soil","volume":"15","author":"Van Gestel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(90)90125-D","article-title":"An approach to quantitative structure\u2013activity relationships (QSARs) in earthworm toxicity studies","volume":"21","author":"Van Gestel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(96)00140-3","article-title":"Evaluating the environmental fate of lindane in France","volume":"32","author":"Bintein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900888","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticide residues in human blood serum of inhabitants of Veracruz, Mexico","volume":"62","author":"Waliszewski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"volume-title":"Probit Analysis","year":"1971","author":"Finney","key":"2025010318032813800_bib20"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib21","first-page":"402","article-title":"Toxicokinetics-based survival analysis in bioassays using nonpersistent chemicals","volume":"15","author":"Widianarko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib22","first-page":"1781","article-title":"Lethal body concentrations and accumulation patterns determine time-dependent toxicity of cadmium in soil arthropods","volume":"13","author":"Crommentuijn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"volume-title":"Ecotoxicology, the Study of Pollutants in Ecosystems","year":"1983","author":"Moriarty","key":"2025010318032813800_bib23"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(93)90131-7","article-title":"Residues of lindane, HCH isomers and HCB in the soil after lindane application","volume":"82","author":"Waliszewski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01056089","article-title":"Effect of temperature and sunlight exposure on the fate of soil-applied [14C]gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane","volume":"19","author":"Samuel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170420","article-title":"Partitioning and mineralization of [14C]lindane in a laboratory sediment\u2013water system","volume":"17","author":"Kalsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib27","first-page":"195","article-title":"Ecotoxicologie du lindane et de la deltam\u00e9thrine en milieu aquatique","volume":"3","author":"Thybaud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Sci Eau"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900485","article-title":"Biodegradation of lindane by Pleurotus sajorcaju and toxic effects of lindane and its metabolites on mice","volume":"59","author":"Arisoy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1785","article-title":"Combining life-history and toxicokinetic parameters to interpret differences in sensitivity to cadmium between populations of Polycelis tenuis (Platyhelminthes)","volume":"44","author":"Indeherberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"volume-title":"Ecophisiology of Metals in Terrestrial Invertebrates","year":"1989","author":"Hopkin","key":"2025010318032813800_bib30"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib31","first-page":"148","volume-title":"Bioavailability as a Key Property in Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Assessment and Evaluation","author":"Spurgeon","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620130113","article-title":"The toxicokinetic behavior of chlorobenzenes in earthworms (Eisenia andrei)\u2014Experiments in soil","volume":"13","author":"Belfroid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(88)90076-0","article-title":"The bioavailability of sedimentsorbed chlorobenzenes to larvae of the midge Chironomus decorus","volume":"15","author":"Knezovich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620160401","article-title":"Persistence and toxicological effects of pesticides in topsoil: Use of the equilibrium partitioning theory","volume":"16","author":"Ronday","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1021\/es00162a009","article-title":"Bio-uptake of chlorinated hydrocarbons from laboratory-spiked and field sediments by oligochaete worms","volume":"21","author":"Oliver","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01975469","article-title":"Bioactive compounds in the aquatic environment: Studies on the mode of uptake of DDE by the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)","volume":"2","author":"Derr","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(95)00340-1","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in earthworms and isopods from contaminated forest soils","volume":"32","author":"Van Brummelen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1897\/1551-5028(1999)018<2217:PMITHA>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Pyrene metabolites in the hepatopancreas and gut of the isopod Porcellio scaber, a new biomarker for polycyclic hydrocarbon exposure in terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"18","author":"Stroomberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010318032813800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01606620","article-title":"Influence of suspended solids on bioavailability of hexachlorobenzene and lindane to the deposit-feeding marine bivalve","volume":"38","author":"Ekelund","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1897%2F02-458","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/22\/10\/2221\/59669162\/5620221004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/22\/10\/2221\/59669162\/5620221004.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T18:04:14Z","timestamp":1735927454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/22\/10\/2221\/7770050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1897\/02-458","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0730-7268"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1552-8618"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-09-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-01-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-11-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}