{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:15:47Z","timestamp":1761128147550,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,5]],"date-time":"2009-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2014,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Acute 96-h toxicity tests were performed with juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to AgNO3 in either the absence or the presence of 100 nM reactive sulfide to evaluate the protective effect of aqueous sulfides against ionic Ag toxicity. The sulfide was presented in the form of zinc sulfide (ZnS) clusters under oxic conditions. Silver was lost from the water column during the course of the experiment, so mean measured Ag concentrations were used to generate all median lethal concentration (LC50) data. The system was complicated in that Ag2S precipitated because of the need for large amounts of Ag to obtain lethal effects in the presence of ZnS. Some of the losses of Ag could be explained by complexation with ZnS and formation of solid Ag2S. Other losses were probably the result of partial adsorption to exposure-chamber walls or to complexation with ligands or functional groups within organic material produced by the fish. The LC50 (95% confidence interval) values generated using measured concentrations for total Ag were 139 (122-162) nM in the absence of sulfide and 377 (340-455) nM in the presence of 100 nM sulfide. The LC50 values generated using measured concentrations from filtered (pore size, 0.45 \u03bcm) water samples were 122 (105-145) nM in the absence of sulfide and 225 (192-239) nM in the presence of 100 nM sulfide. These results suggest a stoichiometric protection of sulfides up to a 2:1 ratio of Ag:sulfide. Greater accumulation of Ag at the gills was measured in fish exposed to AgNO3 in the presence of sulfide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/03-325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,18]],"date-time":"2004-11-18T17:51:45Z","timestamp":1100800305000},"page":"1204-1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evaluation of the protective effects of reactive sulfide on the acute toxicity of silver to rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Reinier M.","family":"Mann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Mike J.","family":"Ernste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Russell A.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Geology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Chris M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems","year":"1995","author":"Tessier","key":"2025010612205603200_bib1"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib2","first-page":"601","article-title":"Toxicity of silver sulfide-spiked sediments to the freshwater amphipod (Hyalella azteca)","volume":"17","author":"Hirsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib3","first-page":"264","article-title":"Biological response to variation of acid-volatile sulfides and metals in field exposed sediments","volume":"20","author":"Boothman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib4","first-page":"439","article-title":"Oxygenation of H2S in seawater as a function of temperature, pH and ionic-strength","volume":"21","author":"Millero","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib5","first-page":"4544","article-title":"Subnanomolar detection of acid-labile sulfides by the classical methylene blue method coupled to HPLC","volume":"35","author":"Mylon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib6","first-page":"23","article-title":"Silver at an old mining camp, Cobalt, Ontario, Canada","volume":"18","author":"Kramer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib7","first-page":"879","article-title":"Evidence for iron, copper, and zinc complexation as multinuclear sulfide clusters in oxic rivers","volume":"406","author":"Rozan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib8","first-page":"2667","article-title":"Silver speciation in waste water effluent, surface waters, and pore waters","volume":"18","author":"Adams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib9","first-page":"51","article-title":"Metal sulfides in oxygenated aquatic systems: Implications for the biotic ligand model","volume":"133","author":"Bianchini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib10","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Silver in the Environment: Transport, Fate, and Effects","author":"Kramer","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib11","first-page":"3","article-title":"The biotic ligand model: A historical overview","volume":"133","author":"Paquin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"volume-title":"NIST Critically Selected Stability Constants of Metal Complexes Database, Ver 6.0","year":"2001","author":"Martell","key":"2025010612205603200_bib12"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib13","first-page":"37","article-title":"The influence of speciation on the toxicity of silver to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)","volume":"3","author":"LeBlanc","year":"1984","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib14","first-page":"693","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfide clusters for toxicological studies","volume":"21","author":"Bowles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010612205603200_bib15","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of reactive sulfide on the acute toxicity of silver (I) to Daphnia magna. 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