{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:10:07Z","timestamp":1762251007014,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,5]],"date-time":"2009-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2014,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Two different tests systems, one based on the isolated sciatic nerve of an amphibian and the other on a microbial eukaryote, were used for the assessment of herbicide toxicity. More specifically, we determined the deleterious effects of increasing concentrations of herbicides of different chemical classes (phenoxyacetic acids, triazines, and acetamides), and of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), a degradation product of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), on electrophysiological parameters and the vitality of the axons of the isolated sciatic nerve of the frog (Rana ridibunda) and on the growth curve of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on microtiter plate susceptibility assays. The no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC), defined as the maximum concentration of the tested compound that has no effect on these biological parameters, was estimated. In spite of the different methodological approaches and biological systems compared, the NOEC values were identical and correlated with the lipophilicity of the tested compounds. The relative toxicity established here, 2,4-DCP &amp;gt; alachlor, metolachlor \u226b metribuzin &amp;gt; 2,4-D, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), correlates with the toxicity indexes reported in the literature for freshwater organisms. Based on these results, we suggest that the relatively simple, rapid, and low-cost test systems examined here may be of interest as alternative or complementary tests for toxicological assessment of herbicides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1897\/03-48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,18]],"date-time":"2004-11-18T17:53:00Z","timestamp":1100800380000},"page":"1211-1218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Comparison of two screening bioassays, based on the frog sciatic nerve and yeast cells, for the assessment of herbicide toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Chrisovalantis","family":"Papaefthimiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Hellas, Greece"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"de Guadalupe Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Research Group Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior Tecnico, Avenue Rovisco Pais, 1049\u2013001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Mixailidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Hellas, Greece"}]},{"given":"Cristina A.","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Research Group Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior Tecnico, Avenue Rovisco Pais, 1049\u2013001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"S\u00e1-Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Research Group Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior Tecnico, Avenue Rovisco Pais, 1049\u2013001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Theophilidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Hellas, Greece"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Introduction to Environmental Toxicology. 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