{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:01:59Z","timestamp":1781776919599,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,27]],"date-time":"2013-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6573,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of App Behav Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We extended research on the role of noncontingent positive reinforcement following a functional analysis of attention\u2010maintained self\u2010injurious behavior to self\u2010injury maintained by negative reinforcement in 2 young males with developmental disabilities. During a pretreatment functional analysis, each participant's self\u2010injury was shown to be differentially sensitive to escape from instructional activities as negative reinforcement. During noncontingent escape, escape from learning activities was provided on a fixed\u2010time schedule that was not influenced by the participant's behavior. One participant was also exposed to differential negative reinforcement of other behavior. During this condition, escape from instructional activities was provided contingent on the omission of self\u2010injury for prespecified intervals. Results showed that the provision of escape, even when noncontingent, resulted in significant reductions in self\u2010injury. These results are particularly interesting in light of the experimental history of noncontingent reinforcement as a control rather than as a therapeutic procedure. Noncontingent escape is discussed as a form of extinction that may be less likely than other forms of extinction to produce severe side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1995.28-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T22:36:27Z","timestamp":1141252587000},"page":"15-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["NONCONTINGENT ESCAPE AS TREATMENT FOR SELF\u2010INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany A.","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel E.","family":"Ringdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1993.26-477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1973.19-293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.84.4.800"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1985.18-111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Learning","author":"Catania A. 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