{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:16:29Z","timestamp":1760368589089},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9859,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exper Analysis Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Squirrel monkeys were trained to respond under a multiple fixed\u2010interval, fixed\u2010interval schedule in which the first response after 5 min terminated a visual stimulus in the presence of which electric shocks could occur. During one component of the schedule, correlated with one color of stimulus lights, every 30th response also produced electric shock; responding was suppressed during this component to approximately 10 to 12% of that occurring in the alternate component in which responding was not punished. In contrast to previous research, morphine (0.03 to 1.0 mg\/kg) increased punished responding. Unpunished responding, however, was either not affected or decreased at doses of morphine that increased punished responding. Increases in rate of punished responding also occurred when the single\u2010schedule punishment condition was studied alone in these animals. Subsequent experimentation, which systematically analyzed the development of the rate\u2010enhancing effects of morphine on punished responding, involved the study of drug effects in additional monkeys trained initially under a single\u2010schedule punishment condition. The effects of morphine on punished responding were studied before, after, and then during exposure to the multiple schedule that included a component in which responding was not punished. Increases in response rate with morphine did not occur until it was administered during exposure to the multiple schedule that included a component in which responding was not punished. As with the other monkeys, once the rate increases in punished responding occurred under the multiple schedule, these effects of morphine persisted, even when the multiple schedule was removed. These findings indicate that the behavioral effects of a drug can depend on the combined influence of that drug and the specific circumstances under which it is studied. Neither the behavioral experience alone nor exposure to the drug was sufficient to alter morphine's effects. Once this drug\u2010behavior interaction occurs, however, the behavioral effects of that drug can be changed substantially.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1986.45-221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,3]],"date-time":"2006-03-03T19:41:14Z","timestamp":1141414874000},"page":"221-228","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["DRUG\u2014BEHAVIOR INTERACTION HISTORY: MODIFICATION OF THE EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON PUNISHED BEHAVIOR"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Brady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.136.3518.781"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Neurology and neurobiology: Vol. 13. 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