{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:15:56Z","timestamp":1760368556238},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9553,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exper Analysis Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rats were trained on concurrent schedules in which pressing one lever postponed shock and pressing the other occasionally (variable\u2010interval schedule) produced a 2\u2010min timeout during which the shock\u2010postponement schedule was suspended and its correlated stimuli were removed. These procedures provided a baseline for studying the effects of drugs on behavior maintained by different sources of negative reinforcement (shock avoidance and timeout from avoidance). Experiment 1 studied a benzodiazepine agonist, chlordiazepoxide, and antagonist, CGS 8216. Chlordiazepoxide (2.5\u201330 mg\/kg) had little effect on avoidance responding except at higher doses, when it reduced responding. By comparison, responding on the timeout lever was increased in 5 of 6 rats. These effects were reversed by CGS 8216 (2.5\u20135 mg\/kg) in the 2 rats tested, but CGS 8216 had no effect by itself. Experiment 2 studied an opiate agonist, morphine, and antagonist, naltrexone, with 3 rats. Morphine's (2.5\u201320 mg\/kg) effects were opposite those of chlordiazepoxide: At doses that either increased or had no effect on avoidance responding, morphine depressed timeout responding. Naltrexone (5 mg\/kg) reversed these actions but had no effect by itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1987.47-115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,3]],"date-time":"2006-03-03T19:41:14Z","timestamp":1141414874000},"page":"115-126","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["VARIABLE\u2010INTERVAL SCHEDULES OF TIMEOUT FROM AVOIDANCE: EFFECTS OF CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE, CGS 8216, MORPHINE, AND NALTREXONE"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Galizio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Perone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1977.27-479"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1971.16-123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"605","article-title":"Effects of alcohol, chlordiazepoxide, cocaine and pentobarbital on responding maintained under fixed\u2010interval schedules of food or shock presentation","volume":"196","author":"Barrett J. 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