{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:16:33Z","timestamp":1760368593333},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7849,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exper Analysis Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rats were trained on concurrent schedules in which pressing one lever postponed shock and pressing the other lever produced periods of signaled timeout from avoidance on variable\u2010ratio schedules. These procedures generated high rates of timeout\u2010reinforced responding and provided a baseline for studying the effects of drugs on behavior maintained by different types of negative reinforcement (shock postponement vs. timeout). Morphine (2.5 to 10.0 mg\/kg) reduced behavior maintained by timeout at doses that increased or had no effect on avoidance responding. In contrast, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2010amphetamine (0.125 to 2.0 mg\/kg) produced large increases in timeout responding at doses that had minimal effect on avoidance in rats trained on variable\u2010interval and variable\u2010ratio schedules. Thus, the event\u2010dependent effects of morphine, observed in previous studies in which timeout responding was maintained at low rates by interval schedules, were replicated with high timeout rates maintained by variable\u2010ratio schedules. The effects of <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2010amphetamine could also be described as \u201cevent dependent\u201d because timeout responding was stimulated more than avoidance regardless of the maintenance schedule or baseline rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1991.56-193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,2]],"date-time":"2006-03-02T16:42:55Z","timestamp":1141317775000},"page":"193-203","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["VARIABLE\u2010RATIO SCHEDULES OF TIMEOUT FROM AVOIDANCE: EFFECTS OF <i>d<\/i>\u2010AMPHETAMINE AND MORPHINE"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Galizio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela R.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"605","article-title":"Effects of alcohol, chlordiazepoxide, cocaine and pentobarbital on responding maintained under fixed\u2010interval schedules of food or shock presentation","volume":"196","author":"Barrett J. 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