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In all conditions, behavior became organized into two\u2010response sequences framed by changes in local reinforcement probability. A tone demarcating the beginning and end of contingent response sequences facilitated the development of functional response units, as in chunking, but the same units developed slowly in the absence of the tone. Complex functional response units developed even though reinforcement contingencies remained constant. These findings demonstrate that models of operant learning must include a mechanism for changing the response unit as a function of reinforcement history. 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