{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:05:33Z","timestamp":1790687133718,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1701,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exper Analysis Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Considerable evidence from outside of operant psychology suggests that aversive events exert greater influence over behavior than equal\u2010sized positive\u2010reinforcement events. Operant theory is largely moot on this point, and most operant research is uninformative because of a scaling problem that prevents aversive events and those based on positive reinforcement from being directly compared. In the present investigation, humans mouse\u2010click responses were maintained on similarly structured, concurrent schedules of positive (money gain) and negative (avoidance of money loss) reinforcement. Because gains and losses were of equal magnitude, according to the analytical conventions of the generalized matching law, bias (log <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic> ? 0) would indicate differential impact by one type of consequence; however, no systematic bias was observed. Further research is needed to reconcile this outcome with apparently robust findings in other literatures of superior behavior control by aversive events. In an incidental finding, the linear function relating log behavior ratio and log reinforcement ratio was steeper for concurrent negative and positive reinforcement than for control conditions involving concurrent positive reinforcement. This may represent the first empirical confirmation of a free\u2010operant differential\u2010outcomes effect predicted by contingency\u2010discriminability theories of choice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2008.90-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,2]],"date-time":"2009-02-02T08:00:21Z","timestamp":1233561621000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["CONCURRENT SCHEDULES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: DIFFERENTIAL\u2010IMPACT AND DIFFERENTIAL\u2010OUTCOMES HYPOTHESES"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Magoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Critchfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.382"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Experimental analysis of behavior, Part 1","author":"Baron A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1973.20-313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1974.22-231"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1979.32-269"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.5.4.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1963.6-203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(84)90045-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.22.3.771"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1998.69-123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(73)90009-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"On the differential impact of positive and negative reinforcement","volume":"19","author":"Critchfield T. 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