{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T20:33:11Z","timestamp":1791059591307,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":422,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exper Analysis Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of reinforcement is at least incomplete and almost certainly incorrect. An alternative way of organizing our understanding of behavior may be built around three concepts: <jats:italic>allocation, induction<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>correlation<\/jats:italic>. Allocation is the measure of behavior and captures the centrality of choice: All behavior entails choice and consists of choice. Allocation changes as a result of induction and correlation. The term induction covers phenomena such as adjunctive, interim, and terminal behavior\u2014behavior induced in a situation by occurrence of food or another <jats:italic>Phylogenetically Important Event<\/jats:italic> (PIE) in that situation. Induction resembles stimulus control in that no one\u2010to\u2010one relation exists between induced behavior and the inducing event. If one allowed that some stimulus control were the result of phylogeny, then induction and stimulus control would be identical, and a PIE would resemble a discriminative stimulus. Much evidence supports the idea that a PIE induces all PIE\u2010related activities. Research also supports the idea that stimuli correlated with PIEs become PIE\u2010related conditional inducers. Contingencies create correlations between \u201coperant\u201d activity (e.g., lever pressing) and PIEs (e.g., food). Once an activity has become PIE\u2010related, the PIE induces it along with other PIE\u2010related activities. Contingencies also constrain possible performances. These constraints specify feedback functions, which explain phenomena such as the higher response rates on ratio schedules in comparison with interval schedules. Allocations that include a lot of operant activity are \u201cselected\u201d only in the sense that they generate more frequent occurrence of the PIE within the constraints of the situation; contingency and induction do the \u201cselecting.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2012.97-101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T07:00:15Z","timestamp":1343804415000},"page":"101-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["RETHINKING REINFORCEMENT: ALLOCATION, INDUCTION, AND CONTINGENCY"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"William M.","family":"Baum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","volume-title":"Behavioral economics","author":"Allison J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.108.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1963.6-s477"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2006.57-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2009.91-293"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","first-page":"380","volume-title":"Operant behavior: Areas of research and application","author":"Azrin N. H.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1973.20-137"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1974.22-231"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1976.26-27"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1979.32-269"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Quantitative analyses of Behavior: Discriminative properties of reinforcement schedules","author":"Baum W. M.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1981.36-387"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00058271"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03392493"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1992.57-365"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1993.59-245"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Introduction to molar behavior analysis","volume":"21","author":"Baum W. M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03392688"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1221-9_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2001.75-338"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2002.78-95"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2004.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_24_1","volume-title":"Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, culture, and evolution","author":"Baum W. M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2010.94-161"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2004.81-85"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1969.12-861"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1997.67-337"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2001.75-299"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2007.7-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2011.96-39"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_32_1","volume-title":"Culture and the evolutionary process","author":"Boyd R.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040090"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054544"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2011.96-63"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2000.74-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2006.56-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2010.93-45"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_39_1","volume-title":"The matching law: A research review","author":"Davison M.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_40_1","volume-title":"The Selfish Gene","author":"Dawkins R.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2001.75-311"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_42_1","volume-title":"Ethology: The biology of behavior","author":"Eibl\u2010Eibesfeldt I.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-6357(84)90021-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0058316"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057525"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.13.4.366"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1966.9-131"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10627-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00058258"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1961.4-267"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026786"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1970.13-243"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1966.9-421"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1972.18-369"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_55_1","volume-title":"Constraints on learning","author":"Hinde R. A.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_56_1","first-page":"364","volume-title":"Handbook of operant behavior","author":"Hineline P. N.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1984.42-495"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00033628"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2005.114-04"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_60_1","volume-title":"The structure of scientific revolutions","author":"Kuhn T. S.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1981.36-171"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_62_1","volume-title":"Populations, species, and evolution","author":"Mayr E.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3903.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3944.503"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196073"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199609"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1963.6-81"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_68_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Nebraska symposium on motivation","author":"Premack D.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_69_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"The nature of reinforcement","author":"Premack D.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00009407"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60466-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_73_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Punishment and aversive behavior","author":"Rachlin H.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1993.59-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1958.tb00658.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025984"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.43.3.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_78_1","volume-title":"Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution","author":"Richerson P. J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2010.94-175"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(73)80099-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1978.30-83"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2006.36-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-283150-8.50006-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0029790"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1961.4-361"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0060730"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_87_1","first-page":"448","volume-title":"Operant behavior: Areas of research and application","author":"Sidman M.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_88_1","volume-title":"Behavior of organisms","author":"Skinner B. F.","year":"1938"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055873"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054367"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_91_1","volume-title":"Science and human behavior","author":"Skinner B. F.","year":"1953"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_17_92_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"On the notion of cause, with applications to behaviorism","volume":"1","author":"Staddon J. E. R.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Behaviorism"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_93_1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Handbook of operant behavior","author":"Staddon J. E. R.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_94_1","volume-title":"Adaptive behavior and learning","author":"Staddon J. E. R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030305"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748108400827"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_97_1","volume-title":"Animal intelligence","author":"Thorndike E. L.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036101"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_99_1","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Contemporary learning theories: Instrumental conditioning theory and the impact of biological constraints on learning","author":"Timberlake W.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_100_1","first-page":"427","volume-title":"Classical conditioning. II. Current research and theory","author":"Trapold M. A.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196047"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_102_1","unstructured":"VanSyckel J. S.(1983).Variable\u2010interval and variable\u2010ratio feedback functions.Unpublished master's thesis University of New Hampshire."},{"key":"e_1_2_17_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1984.42-337"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_104_1","volume-title":"Behaviorism","author":"Watson J. B.","year":"1930"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1969.12-511"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1416644"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1901%2Fjeab.2012.97-101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1901\/jeab.2012.97-101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T11:53:58Z","timestamp":1698666838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1901\/jeab.2012.97-101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1901\/jeab.2012.97-101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.2012.97-101","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5002","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-3711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-02-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}