{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:54:01Z","timestamp":1778842441957,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,1]],"date-time":"1995-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":796694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>T<jats:sc>he gingivitis associated with pregnancy<\/jats:sc> has been attributed to increased concentrations of circulating estrogen and\/or progesterone. However, the mechanism by which these steroids increase gingival inflammation is not known. Interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), a pleiotropic cytokine produced by many cell types including human gingival fibroblasts (hGF), is secreted in response to inflammatory challenges such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interleukin\u20101 (IL\u20101). This study tested the hypothesis that progesterone could modulate the local production of IL\u20106 by hGF. The effects of progesterone on IL\u20106 production were measured in vitro in serum\u2010free, phenol red\u2010free medium to eliminate possible effects of such medium additives. The concentration of IL\u20106 secreted into supernatant medium after a 24 hour challenge with IL\u20101\u03b2 was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Total RNA from steroid\u2010treated hGF was probed for IL\u20106 mRNA. In serum\u2010free medium, progesterone dose\u2010dependently and significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05) inhibited IL\u20106 production by hGF, as did the glucocorticoids hydrocortisone (HC) and dexamethasone. At progesterone concentrations common in late pregnancy, IL\u20106 production was reduced to levels 40 to 50% of control. In addition, mRNA was significantly down\u2010regulated by progesterone and HC, at both basal levels and after IL\u20101\u03b2 challenge. These results suggest that high levels of progesterone during pregnancy affect the development of localized inflammation by down\u2010regulation of IL\u20106 production, rendering the gingiva less efficient at resisting the inflammatory challenges produced by bacteria. <jats:italic>J Periodontol 1995; 66:279\u2013284<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.4.279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,20]],"date-time":"2012-03-20T22:04:17Z","timestamp":1332281057000},"page":"279-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Modulation by Progesterone of Interleukin\u20106 Production by Gingival Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Lapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill B.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1902\/jop.1995.66.4.279","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T13:24:49Z","timestamp":1760880289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1902\/jop.1995.66.4.279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1902\/jop.1995.66.4.279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1995.66.4.279","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3492","1943-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3492","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}}}