{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:13:56Z","timestamp":1792613636388,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> is found in subgingival biofilm and is associated with periodontal disease. Bacteria in biofilms are able to resist higher antimicrobial concentrations than in suspension. Little is known about the susceptibility of <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> in biofilms to antimicrobial agents. The effects of chlorhexidine gluconate, minocycline hydrochloride, and metronidazole on <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> biofilms were examined in vitro.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> strain 381 biofilms were prepared on 32 hydroxyapatite disks. At 0, 24, 72, and 144 hours after perfusion of the three antimicrobial agents, two disks from each device were used to assess the antimicrobial effects by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence, and for morphological investigation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Close relationships were found between the results of the ATP analyses and the SEM observations in all groups examined. A significant decrease (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.001) in ATP content was found between the chlorhexidine\u2010treated and control groups. The extracellular matrix structure and <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> cells were altered in the presence of chlorhexidine. Minocycline hydrochloride also caused decrease (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05) in the ATP content and morphological change on <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> biofilms. Metronidazole showed no significant efficacy against <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> biofilms.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Chlorhexidine gluconate was effective at reducing the viability of <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> 381 cells in biofilms, while minocycline hydrochloride and metronidazole exhibited weaker effects. <jats:italic>J Periodontol 2003;74:1647\u20101651<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.11.1647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,2]],"date-time":"2005-02-02T07:34:46Z","timestamp":1107329686000},"page":"1647-1651","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Effects of Chlorhexidine, Minocycline, and Metronidazole on <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/i> Strain 381 in Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Noiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Okami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Narimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeyuki","family":"Ebisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1902\/jop.2003.74.11.1647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T12:57:57Z","timestamp":1760878677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1902\/jop.2003.74.11.1647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1902\/jop.2003.74.11.1647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.2003.74.11.1647","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3492","1943-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3492","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}}}