{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:00:18Z","timestamp":1778133618912,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Periodontitis is a bacterial inflammatory disease leading to attachment loss with the consequence of tooth loss. There exists a multifactorial risk pattern including bacterial challenge, smoking, age, gender, diabetes, and socioeconomic and genetic factors. Smoking has the highest impact on the course of the disease modulated by all the other factors. Here, we report the relationship between smoking and the genetic polymorphism of interleukin\u20101 (IL\u20101).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> In a randomly selected population\u2010based study, we genotyped 1,085 test persons for the IL\u20101 genotype, examined their periodontal status, and assessed their smoking behavior including present and past quality and quantity of smoking.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> There was a significant dose\u2010effect relationship between the exposure to tobacco smoke and the extent of periodontal disease assessed as attachment loss and tooth loss. Moreover, there was a gene\u2010environmental interaction. Subjects bearing at least one copy of the variant allele 2 at positions IL\u20101A \u2013889 and IL\u20101B +3954 (genotype positive) had an enhanced smoking\u2010associated periodontitis risk as compared to their IL\u20101 genotype\u2010negative counterparts. With genotype\u2010negative non\u2010smokers as a reference, logistic regression resulted in odds ratios of 0.98 (95% confi\u2010 dence interval: 0.83 to 1.14), 2.37 (1.96 to 2.87), and 4.50 (2.30 to 8.82) for genotype\u2010positive non\u2010smokers, genotype\u2010negative smokers, and genotype\u2010positive smokers, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> There is a gene\u2010environmental interaction between smoking and the IL\u20101 genetic polymorphism. Smokers bearing the genotype\u2010positive IL\u20101 allele combination have an increased risk of periodontitis. The IL\u20101 genotype has no influence in non\u2010smokers. <jats:italic>J Periodontol 2004;75:236\u2010242<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.2.236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,2]],"date-time":"2005-02-02T07:48:34Z","timestamp":1107330514000},"page":"236-242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Dose\u2010Effect Relation of Smoking and the Interleukin\u20101 Gene Polymorphism in Periodontal Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Meisel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Schwahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Gesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Kocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1902\/jop.2004.75.2.236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T10:32:42Z","timestamp":1760869962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1902\/jop.2004.75.2.236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1902\/jop.2004.75.2.236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.2004.75.2.236","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3492","1943-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3492","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}