{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:30:12Z","timestamp":1787023812975,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]],"date-time":"2005-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Historic evidence suggests that use of high\u2010dose combined oral contraceptives (OCs) (containing &gt;50 \u00b5g of estrogen and \u22651 mg progestin) places women at increased risk for periodontal diseases. Since the mid\u20101970s, OC formulations have dramatically changed. This study investigated the association between OC use and periodontal diseases among 4,930 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I and 5,001 NHANES III premenopausal U.S. women, aged 17 to 50 years, before and after the reduction of hormone levels in OCs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Data for this cross\u2010sectional study came from the first (NHANES I, 1971 to 1974) and third (NHANES III, 1988 to 1994) NHANES studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The prevalence of OC use in the U.S. premenopausal female population in NHANES I was 22% and in NHANES III, 20%. Using multivariable logistic regression, a protective association between current OC use and gingivitis was suggestive but not significant in both NHANES I (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65; 95% con\u2010 fidence interval [CI]: 0.42 to 1.01) and NHANES III (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.02) surveys. Current OC use was also associated with a decreased risk of periodontal disease in NHANES I (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.96) and a non\u2010significant association in NHANES III (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.50 to 1.07).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This analysis failed to validate the theory that earlier high\u2010 or current low\u2010dose OC use is associated with increased levels of gingivitis or periodontitis and suggests an important reexamination of the perceived association between OC use and periodontal diseases.\n                    <jats:italic>J Periodontol 2005;76:1374\u20101385<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.8.1374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,16]],"date-time":"2005-08-16T00:45:30Z","timestamp":1124153130000},"page":"1374-1385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Oral Contraceptives and Periodontal Diseases: Rethinking the Association Based Upon Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"L. Susan","family":"Taichman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1902\/jop.2005.76.8.1374","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T13:21:09Z","timestamp":1760880069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1902\/jop.2005.76.8.1374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1902\/jop.2005.76.8.1374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.2005.76.8.1374","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3492","1943-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3492","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}}}