{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T21:30:22Z","timestamp":1771018222866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The normal color of gingiva is pink. Gingival hyperpigmentation is mostly caused by the physiologic deposition of melanin by melanocytes. In \u201cgummy smile\u201d patients, melanin gingival hyperpigmentation causes an esthetic problem and may cause physiologic disturbances. Methods to remove gingival hyperpigmentation vary, but it seems that the most reliable and satisfactory procedure is laser ablation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Six white patients (five females and one male), who complain of having dark\u2010brown to black gingival hyperpigmentation were included in the study. Three of them were smokers. Laser ablation was performed by an erbium\u2010doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser (settings: 250 mJ, 15 Hz, with water and air and using the defocused mode) without using topical or local anesthesia. Each patient required about 20 to 25 minutes for completion of the procedure. After 4 days, another laser ablation (with the same previous settings) was performed to ensure good results. Patients were evaluated a month after completion of treatment and on a semiannual basis. The follow\u2010up period ranged between 6 and 18 months.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In all patients, no discomfort, pain, or bleeding complications were found intraoperatively or 4 days postoperatively. Ablated wounds healed almost completely within 4 days. No recurrence of gingival hyperpigmentation was found during the follow\u2010up periods. Achieved results were satisfactory for patients and the operator.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Taking into account the advantages of using lasers, it seems to be that the depigmentation of melanin hyperpigmented gingiva by the Er:YAG laser is a reliable and satisfactory procedure. Esthetic results were satisfactory for patients and the operator, and no repigmentation was found during the follow\u2010up period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.060167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,4]],"date-time":"2007-01-04T02:32:33Z","timestamp":1167877953000},"page":"177-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation by Erbium\u2010Doped:Yttrium, Aluminum, and Garnet Laser for Esthetic Purposes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Manal M.","family":"Azzeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.11.1660"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"314","article-title":"Addison's disease, autoimmunity and mumps","volume":"66","author":"Colls BM","year":"1967","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(64)90504-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"The influence of factors of occupational hazards in industry on the picture of the gingival margin (in German)","volume":"14","author":"Gwizdek E","year":"1964","journal-title":"Zentralbl Arbeitsmed"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology","author":"Nevilla RW","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"805","article-title":"Oral amalgam pigmentations (tattoos): A retrospective study","volume":"23","author":"Owens BM","year":"1992","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Diseases of the Oral Mucosa","author":"Mc Carthy FP","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Gingival pigmentation associated with antimalarial drugs","volume":"28","author":"Manor A","year":"1981","journal-title":"Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345460250060201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345450240010701"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1971.42.11.726"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"554","article-title":"Pigmentation of the oral mucous membrane","volume":"72","author":"Prinz H","year":"1932","journal-title":"Dental Cosmos"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"555","article-title":"Treatment of severe physiologic gingival pigmentation with free gingival autograft","volume":"27","author":"Tamizi M","year":"1996","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540205000201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.2.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Anterior esthetic gingival depigmentation and crown lengthening: Report of a case","volume":"15","author":"Roshna T","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Gingival depigmentation for aesthetic purposes using erbium:YAG laser: Rationale and technique","volume":"19","author":"Tal H","year":"2002","journal-title":"Refuat Hapeh Vehashin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"312","article-title":"Treatment of gingival pigmentation and discoloration for esthetic purposes","volume":"10","author":"Farnoosh AA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"Surgical treatment of melanin\u2010pigmented gingiva; An esthetic approach","volume":"13","author":"Almas K","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Melanin repigmentation after gingivectomy: A 5 year clinical and transmission electron microscopic study in humans","volume":"13","author":"Bergamaschi O","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1987.tb01525.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)80612-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Depigmentation of human gingiva: Clinical observations after surgical and cryosurgical procedures","volume":"9","author":"Tal H","year":"1988","journal-title":"Compendium"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90199-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(51)90448-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/clm.1992.10.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1999)25:2<140::AID-LSM7>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2000.106396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2000.18272"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.02.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/clm.2000.18.263"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.9.1572"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"619","article-title":"The use of acellular dermal matrix allograft for the elimination of gingival melanin pigmentation: Case presentation with 2 years of follow\u2010up","volume":"14","author":"Novaes AB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pract Proced Aesthet Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.11.1283"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12277339"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. WaterLase expanded indications for use. Available at:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cdrh\/pdf3\/k030523.pdf. Accessed March 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2004.00738.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(83)90069-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)31316-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/clm.1991.9.267"},{"issue":"172","key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of low level laser irradiation on implant\u2010tissue interaction. In vivo and in vitro studies","author":"Khadra M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Swed Dent J Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-74912003000400003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2005.23.369"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Melanin repigmentation after gingivectomy: A 5\u2010year clinical and transmission electron microscopic study in humans","volume":"13","author":"Bergamaschi O","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1986.57.1.48"}],"container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1902\/jop.2007.060167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T14:01:15Z","timestamp":1760882475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1902\/jop.2007.060167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1902\/jop.2007.060167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.2007.060167","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3492","1943-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3492","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}