{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T14:15:20Z","timestamp":1771510520216,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Although subepithelial connective tissue graft (CTG) has been reported to be a predictable procedure for root coverage, the impact of smoking on the long\u2010term outcome of periodontal plastic surgery is unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking, on a long\u2010term basis, on the stability of gingival tissue following CTG treatment of gingival recession.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Twenty\u2010two defects were treated by CTG in canine and premolar Miller Class I and II gingival recessions (11 smokers and 11 non\u2010smokers). The following clinical measurements were obtained at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery: plaque and gingival indexes, extension of gingival recession (GR), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival thickness. Individuals smoking \u226520 cigarettes\/day for \u22655 years were considered smokers.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Data analysis demonstrated that both groups presented similar plaque and gingival indexes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt;0.05), and an intragroup analysis showed that CTG was able to promote root coverage and increase gingival thickness in both groups over time (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05). However, at 24 months postoperatively, statistical analysis showed that smokers presented poorer outcomes with regard to PD, GR, and CAL (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05); in addition, a more satisfactory stabilization of the gingival tissue was found in the non\u2010smoker group.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Smoking may represent a challenge to root coverage outcome for CTG because smoking significantly affected the stability of gingival tissue over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T08:57:21Z","timestamp":1207040241000},"page":"647-653","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Root Coverage Outcome May Be Affected by Heavy Smoking: A 2\u2010Year Follow\u2010Up Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Denise 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