{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:30:01Z","timestamp":1787023801612,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Sound epidemiologic data on halitosis are rare. We evaluated the prevalence of halitosis in a young male adult population in Switzerland using a standardized questionnaire and clinical examination.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Six hundred twenty\u2010six Swiss Army recruits aged 18 to 25 years (mean: 20.3 years) were selected as study subjects. First, a standardized questionnaire focusing on dental hygiene, self\u2010reported halitosis, smoking, and alcohol consumption was filled out by all participants. In the clinical examination, objective values for the presence of halitosis were gathered through an organoleptic assessment of the breath odor and the measurement of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). Additionally, tongue coating, plaque index, and probing depths were evaluated for each recruit.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The questionnaire revealed that only 17% of all included recruits had never experienced halitosis. The organoleptic evaluation (grades 0 to 3) identified eight persons with grade 3, 148 persons with grade 2, and 424 persons with grade 1 or 0. The calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient to evaluate the relationship among the three methods of assessing halitosis revealed little to no correlation. The organoleptic score showed high reproducibility (kappa = 0.79). Tongue coating was the only influencing factor found to contribute to higher organoleptic scores and higher VSC values.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Oral malodor seemed to pose an oral health problem for about one\u2010fifth of 20\u2010year\u2010old Swiss males questioned. No correlation between self\u2010reported halitosis and organoleptic or VSC measurements could be detected. Although the organoleptic method described here offers a high reproducibility, the lack of correlation between VSC values and organoleptic scores has to be critically addressed. For further studies assessing new organoleptic scores, a validated index should always be included as a direct control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,30]],"date-time":"2008-12-30T06:33:32Z","timestamp":1230618812000},"page":"24-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Prevalence of Halitosis in Young Male Adults: A Study in Swiss Army Recruits Comparing Self\u2010Reported and Clinical Data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce L.","family":"Stocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Seemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter B.","family":"B\u00fcrgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Lussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(02)00060-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740091201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1996.0425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1991.62.8.487"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345910700110801"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.9.776"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.8.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345940730091301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"The relation between foetor ex ore, oral hygiene and periodontal disease","volume":"24","author":"S\u00f6der B","year":"2000","journal-title":"Swed Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Experiences of a Belgian multidisciplinary breath odour clinic","volume":"51","author":"Delanghe G","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"An inventory of patients\u2019 response to treatment at a multidisciplinary breath odor clinic","volume":"30","author":"Delanghe G","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"Swiss Federal Statistical Office (SFSO).Espace de l'Europe 10 CH\u20102010 Neuch\u00e2tel 2006. 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