{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:48:33Z","timestamp":1789724913653,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRG4980177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRG4980177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase (IDO) is an intracellular tryptophan\u2010oxidizing enzyme with immunosuppressive characteristics. Its expression and regulation in periodontal tissues are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine IDO expression in healthy gingiva and chronic periodontitis lesions. In addition, the effect of inflammatory cytokines and bacterial products on the expression and activity of DOI in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was assessed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Human gingival tissue samples were obtained from patients who underwent periodontal surgery. IDO expression in healthy gingiva and periodontitis lesions was determined by immunohistochemistry. HGF cells were treated with interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3), interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), and lipopolysaccharides from <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>LPS). IDO mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction. The IDO enzymatic activity was determined by measuring the kynurenine level using a colorimetric method.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In gingival tissues, IDO expression was detected in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory mononuclear cells. IDO expression was higher in periodontitis lesions than in healthy gingiva. HGFs did not constitutively express IDO. IFN\u2010\u03b3 strongly induced IDO expression and activity in HGFs, in a dose\u2010dependent manner. IL\u20101\u03b2, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>LPS were also able to induce IDO expression in HGF cells. IFN\u2010\u03b3 in combination with IL\u20101\u03b2, TNF\u2010\u03b1, or <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>LPS showed enhanced IDO expression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> IDO was expressed in human gingiva, and the expression was upregulated in chronic periodontitis. The increased IDO expression in periodontitis lesions may be due, in part, to the activation of HGFs by inflammatory cytokines and bacterial products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,30]],"date-time":"2008-12-30T06:33:32Z","timestamp":1230618812000},"page":"114-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Indoleamine 2,3\u2010Dioxygenase Expression and Regulation in Chronic 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