{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:41:26Z","timestamp":1762954886319,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs), also known as nanobacteria, can produce carbonate apatite on their cell walls and initiate pathologic calcification. The objective of this study was to determine whether CNPs are present in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from subjects with periodontal disease and whether they can induce the pathologic calcification of primary cultured human gingival epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> GCF and dental calculus samples were collected from 10 subjects with gingivitis and 10 subjects with chronic periodontitis. CNPs in GCF and calculus filtrates were detected with nanocapture enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay kits. The CNPs in cultures of dental calculus filtrates were also identified using immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and chemical analysis. Pathologic changes in the CNP\u2010treated gingival epithelial cells were observed with TEM, alizarin red staining, and disk\u2010scanning confocal microscopy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> CNPs were found in GCF samples from two subjects with chronic periodontitis. Based on chemical analysis, the surface\u2010associated material from CNPs isolated and cultured from calculus has a composition similar to dental calculus. The pathologic calcification of CNP\u2010treated gingival epithelial cells was also observed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Self\u2010replicating calcifying nanoparticles can be cultured and identified from dental calculus. This raises the issue of whether CNPs contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T08:49:24Z","timestamp":1251794964000},"page":"1462-1470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evidence for Calcifying Nanoparticles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Dental Calculus in Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Song\u2010Mei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin\u2010Quan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Kui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu\u2010Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.14.8274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.21.11511"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-8019-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.319828"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050450w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2004.02030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2005.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200105000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-003-0304-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-005-0034-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00408.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6713.2004.003557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01314.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4680(97)10001-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356408993968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1972.43.1.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease. A summary of current work","volume":"34","author":"Page RC","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356309011240"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1973.44.2.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2004.00242.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2003.1111006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.368-372.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00075.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711744105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.278796"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(02)00114-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2004.00484.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Crystallography of supragingival and subgingival human dental calculus","volume":"93","author":"Sundberg M","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00226.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042307-200207000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","first-page":"F55","article-title":"Surface exposure of phosphatidylserine increases calcium oxalate crystal attachment to IMCD cells","volume":"272","author":"Bigelow MW","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1902\/jop.2009.080659","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T09:14:44Z","timestamp":1760865284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1902\/jop.2009.080659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1902\/jop.2009.080659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.2009.080659","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3492","1943-3670"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-3492"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1943-3670"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}}}