{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:53:53Z","timestamp":1784073233274,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic> (previously <jats:italic>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>) is a Gram\u2010negative bacterium present in the oral cavity and is usually associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. Isolated antigens from <jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic> can activate innate immune cells through Toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs), which are molecules that recognize structural components conserved among microorganisms. In this study, we evaluate the role of TLR2 in the recognition of <jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Macrophages and neutrophils from knockout mice with targeted disruption of TLR2 (TLR2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice) and wild\u2010type mice were collected and used for the subsequent assays. The production of cytokines and chemokines was evaluated by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the presence of apoptotic cells was determined by flow cytometry. In addition, the mechanisms that modulate the outcome of <jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced periodontal disease in TLR2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice were examined.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The results show that TLR2\u2010deficient mice developed more severe periodontitis after <jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic> infection, characterized by significantly higher bone loss and inflammatory cell migration to periodontal tissues. The inflammatory cell influx into the peritoneal cavities of TLR2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice was three\u2010fold lower than that observed for the littermate controls. A significantly diminished production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 as well as the chemokine CC\u2010ligand\u20105 in the peritoneal cavities of TLR2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice was observed. In addition, a high frequency of apoptotic cells in the inflammatory exudates from TLR2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice was observed. Phagocytosis and nitric oxide production was diminished in cells from TLR2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice, facilitating the dissemination of the pathogen to the spleen.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The results of this study highlight the involvement of TLR2 in recognizing <jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic> and its essential role in controlling <jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,7]],"date-time":"2009-12-07T08:57:14Z","timestamp":1260176234000},"page":"2010-2019","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Role of Toll\u2010Like Receptor 2 in the Recognition of <i>Aggregatibacter 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