{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T18:07:22Z","timestamp":1789927642681,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> In healthy periodontal tissue, innate immune responses effectively confine and suppress a bacterial insult. However, a disruption of the host\u2013bacterial equilibrium may produce an overexpression of cytokines and lead to permanent, host\u2010mediated tissue damage. Although such periodontal destruction primarily results from activated immune mechanisms, the site\u2010specific damage suggests that local tissues participate in these pathologic changes. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) are prominent in the periodontium and are critical in homeostasis and regeneration because they have the ability to produce multiple cytokines in response to a bacterial insult. These cells could play a role in the local pathogenesis of periodontal disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We studied alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, interleukin (IL)\u20106 production, and morphologic characteristics of cultured PDLFs that were isolated from periodontally healthy sites (H\u2010PDLFs) and diseased sites (D\u2010PDLFs) in humans. Quantitative analyses of 84 genes that are related to inflammation were performed using real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction arrays.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A mineralizing medium induced a significant increase of ALP in H\u2010PDLFs, but no significant enzymatic changes were detected in D\u2010PDLFs after such treatment. The protein and gene expression of <jats:italic>IL6<\/jats:italic> showed a significant upregulation in D\u2010PDLFs, which also demonstrated a significant upregulation of 54% of genes in the inflammatory gene arrays.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> To our knowledge, these results represent the first biologic evidence that D\u2010PDLFs retain uniquely inflammatory phenotypes that could maintain localized destructive signals in periodontitis. The overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines by PDLFs could amplify local inflammation by the continuous triggering of immune responses. In addition, the location of these cells could be critical in the progression of the inflammatory front into the deeper tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]],"date-time":"2010-05-10T07:25:19Z","timestamp":1273476319000},"page":"1324-1335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Sustain Destructive Immune Modulators of Chronic Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Ahmed R.","family":"El\u2010Awady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina L.W.","family":"Messer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Y.","family":"Gamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed 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