{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:36:05Z","timestamp":1760920565652,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> It has been suggested that progestins may have an inflammatory component and\/or increase in prostaglandin synthesis. Thus, extended progestin use may be associated with higher risk of periodontal diseases. This study investigates the association between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable contraception and the prevalence of periodontal diseases among US premenopausal females.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Data for this cross\u2010sectional analysis comes from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. This analysis includes 4,460 US females (15 to 44 years of age) with complete DMPA usage and periodontal status data.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Current and past DMPA use was 4.1% and 12.0%, respectively. The prevalence of gingivitis was 53.9% for females who reported having used DMPA compared with 46.1% for DMPA never\u2010users. Females taking DMPA were more likely to be young, single, and non\u2010white, have a history of smoking, have lower levels of education and income, and have \u22651 live births and were less likely to visit the dentist. Using logistic regression, DMPA use was associated with an increased risk of gingivitis (odds ratio [OR] =1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09 to 1.67) and periodontitis (DMPA, OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.22) after adjusting for age, race, education, poverty income ratio, dental care use, and smoking status. A significant interaction between smoking status and DMPA use was also found (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.029).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> This study suggests that DMPA use may be associated with periodontal diseases. Additional investigation is warranted as a result of the disproportionate usage of DMPA among low\u2010income populations who are at an increased risk for poor dental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.110534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T11:38:23Z","timestamp":1328528303000},"page":"1008-1017","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Use and Periodontal Health in 15\u2010 to 44\u2010Year\u2010Old US Females"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"L. 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