{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:40:44Z","timestamp":1779889244782,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The mechanism of action of adjuvant antibiotic therapy in the treatment of peri\u2010implantitis is not well understood. The aim of this study is to investigate antibiotic susceptibility of an in vitro biofilm by isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Titanium disks containing a 72\u2010hour three\u2010species biofilm (<jats:italic>Streptococcus sanguinis<\/jats:italic> DSM20068, <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic> ATCC10953, and <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> DSM20709) were placed in a series of IMC ampoules with nutrient agar supplemented with increasing concentrations of amoxicillin, metronidazole, or their combination and incubated anaerobically for 10 days. Lag time and maximum growth rate were determined from continuous heat\u2010flow recordings of metabolic activity. To validate the IMC biofilm results, adherent <jats:italic>S. sanguinis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> were incubated anaerobically in medium supplemented with antibiotics at 37\u00b0C for 24 hours, and their vitality was determined by live\/dead staining, conventional culturing, and IMC.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In all biofilm samples incubated with antibiotics, a prolonged lag phase was observed compared with controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05). Maximum growth rate was significantly lower for samples treated with either amoxicillin or metronidazole compared with controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05). Combining the antibiotics did not improve this effect. Concentrations exceeding 10 times the minimum inhibitory concentration completely inhibited the growth of adherent <jats:italic>S. sanguinis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>, whereas lower concentrations resulted in only a delay in the lag phase. A poor correlation was observed between live\/dead staining and conventional culturing.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> IMC gives new evidence about antibiotic effects on oral biofilms and is more informative than conventional culture and live\/dead assays. The combination of antibiotics was found to be more efficient than metronidazole alone; however, only minor differences in growth inhibition were detected compared with amoxicillin alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.120733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T07:06:01Z","timestamp":1366268761000},"page":"349-357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Microcalorimetric Determination of the Effects of Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, and Their Combination on In Vitro Biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Astasov\u2010Frauenhoffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Braissant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irmgard","family":"Hauser\u2010Gerspach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Weiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola U.","family":"Zitzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuomas","family":"Waltimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00192.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology","author":"Albrektsson T","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1989.tb01626.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.1.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028004296.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00814.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Additive or synergistic antimicrobial effects of amoxicillin and metronidazole on whole plaque samples: A preliminary report","volume":"13","author":"Walter C","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Acad Periodontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Porous titanium granules in the surgical treatment of peri\u2010implant osseous defects: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"27","author":"Wohlfahrt JC","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2004.tb00039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(02)46005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1838"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2009.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.100657"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02949-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20111122-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00114-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02374-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01819.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2011.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04904.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00611-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00141-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03854.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05556-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","volume-title":"Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; 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