{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T01:51:21Z","timestamp":1789869081443,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Hyperglycemia is widely considered to be the causal link between diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic complications. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of high glucose in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) purified from the periodontal pathogen <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> on human macrophages.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Macrophages (U937) were treated with various concentrations of <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\u2013LPS under normal (5.5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose conditions. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was determined using the 3\u2010[4,5\u2010dimethylthiazol\u20102\u2010yl]\u20102,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The levels of inflammatory mediators secreted were determined using the enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay and the competitive enzyme immunoassay. The intracellular calcium chelator was used to examine whether the intracellular calcium was involved. Statistical differences were assessed using a one\u2010way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple\u2010comparison intervals with \u03b1 = 0.05.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> High glucose condition enhanced the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity in macrophages. <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\u2013LPS induced the secretion of interleukin (IL)\u20106, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1, and prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in a dose\u2010dependent manner both in normal and high glucose conditions. The stimulatory effects by <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\u2013LPS were more evident when cells were cultured under high glucose conditions. Changes of intracellular calcium concentration were involved not only in high glucose\u2013induced mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity but also in <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\u2013LPS\u2010induced production of IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, or PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, especially under the high glucose conditions.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> High glucose appeared to enhance the inflammatory response induced by the periodontal pathogen. The information generated may help to delineate the possible mechanisms by which hyperglycemia compromises the periodontal health of patients with DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.130009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,28]],"date-time":"2013-03-28T11:13:13Z","timestamp":1364469193000},"page":"140-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Stimulatory Effects of Glucose and <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/i> Lipopolysaccharide on the Secretion of Inflammatory Mediators From Human Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Shan\u2010Ling","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nin\u2010Gi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lien\u2010Yu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen\u2010Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Lin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00168.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-0407.2010.00098.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2011.00413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1996.1.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2001.22250103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.100643"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.2.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxl045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2004.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2009.00522.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60532-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/82763"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.10.3297"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.24.11924"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1993.64.10.980"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00821-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2010.01286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1984.tb01190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1993.tb02090.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00170.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.1995.tb00187.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023495626568"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"StroberW. 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