{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:36:42Z","timestamp":1783395402889,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1090046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1090046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Macrophages account for 5% to 30% of the inflammatory infiltrate in periodontitis and are activated by the classic and alternative pathways. These pathways are identified by indirect markers, among which interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 and interleukin\u20106 (IL)\u20106 of the classic pathway and IL\u20104 of the alternative pathway have been studied widely. Recently, factor XIII\u2010A (FXIII\u2010A) was reported to be a good marker of alternative pathway activation. The aim of this study is to determine the macrophage activation pathways involved in chronic periodontitis (CP) by the detection of the indirect markers IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20106, FXIII\u2010A, and IL\u20104.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Biopsies were taken from patients with CP (n = 10) and healthy individuals (n = 10) for analysis of IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20106, IL\u20104, and FXIII\u2010A by Western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The same biopsies of healthy and diseased gingival tissue were used, and the expressions of these markers were compared between healthy individuals and those with CP.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The presence of macrophages was detected by CD68+ immunohistochemistry and their IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20106, IL\u20104, and FXIII\u2010A markers by WB, IHC, and ELISA in all samples of healthy and diseased tissue. IL\u20106, IL\u20104, and FXIII\u2010A were significantly higher in patients with CP, whereas FXIII\u2010A was higher in healthy individuals.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The presence of IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20106, IL\u20104, and FXIII\u2010A in healthy individuals and in patients with CP suggests that macrophages may be activated by both classic and alternative pathways in health and in periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.130078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]],"date-time":"2013-09-26T13:24:53Z","timestamp":1380201893000},"page":"751-760","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Interferon\u2010\u03b3, Interleukins\u20106 and \u20104, and Factor XIII\u2010A as Indirect Markers of the Classical and Alternative Macrophage Activation Pathways in Chronic 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