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The authors test the hypothesis that peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes (PBMPs) from patients with CP are activated and more susceptible to differentiation into OCs, which in turn would lead to more intense bone resorption.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> In vitro cytokine production by both unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide\u2010stimulated PBMCs from individuals with (n = 10) or without (n = 12) periodontitis was determined by cytokine array. OC differentiation from CD14<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> PBMCs was induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor\u2010kappa B ligand (RANKL), either alone or in the presence of macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (M\u2010CSF). PBMC differentiation to OCs was confirmed by tartrate\u2010resistant acid phosphatase staining; bone resorbing activity was assessed by using an osteologic plate assay (bone resorption pit formation).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> PBMCs from patients with CP produced tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 and higher amounts of interferon\u2010\u03b3, interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20101r\u03b1, CXC motif chemokine 10, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)\u20101\u03b1, and MIP\u20101\u03b2 than the control cells. OC differentiation was induced by RANKL alone in PBMCs from patients with CP, but not in PBMCs from the healthy controls, which required the addition of M\u2010CSF. In addition, PBMC\u2010derived OCs from patients with CP showed significantly higher resorption activity than that observed in the healthy controls. Also, the circulating concentrations of M\u2010CSF were significantly higher in patients with CP than in the control participants.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> These data indicate that in patients with CP, circulating PBMCs are primed for increased proinflammatory activity and that M\u2010CSF plays a central role in this process by increasing OC formation and the consequent bone resorption activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.130280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T07:21:46Z","timestamp":1380007306000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Phagocytes From Patients With Chronic Periodontitis Are Primed for Osteoclast Formation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Bruno S.","family":"Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alliny 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