{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:26:56Z","timestamp":1788870416412,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(R01DE019826 to DAS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(R01DE019826 to DAS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cigarette smokers are more susceptible to periodontal diseases and are more likely to be infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    than non\u2010smokers. Furthermore, smoking is known to alter the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    surface components and compromise immunoglobulin (Ig)G generation. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the overall IgG response to\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is suppressed in smokers in vivo and whether previously established in vitro tobacco\u2010induced phenotypic\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    changes would be reflected in vivo.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The authors examined the humoral response to several\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains as well as specific tobacco\u2010regulated outer membrane proteins (FimA and RagB) by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay in biochemically validated (salivary cotinine) smokers and non\u2010smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP: n = 13) or aggressive periodontitis (AgP: n = 20). The local and systemic presence of\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA was also monitored by polymerase chain reaction.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Smoking was associated with decreased total IgG responses against clinical (10512, 5607, and 10208C; all\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.05) but not laboratory (ATCC 33277, W83)\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. Smoking did not influence IgG produced against specific cell\u2010surface proteins, although a non\u2010significant pattern toward increased total FimA\u2010specific IgG in patients with CP, but not AgP, was observed. Seropositive smokers were more likely to be infected orally and systemically with\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001), as determined by 16S RNA analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Smoking alters the humoral response against\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and may increase\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infectivity, strengthening the evidence that mechanisms of periodontal disease progression in smokers may differ from those of non\u2010smokers with the same disease classification.\n                  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