{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:19:03Z","timestamp":1782123543766,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Whole salivary interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 in smokers and never\u2010smokers with prediabetes remains uninvestigated. The aim of this study is to assess the periodontal status and whole salivary IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 levels among smokers and never\u2010smokers with and without prediabetes (controls).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Ninety\u2010five males (45 with prediabetes and 50 systemically healthy controls) were included. Twenty\u2010seven controls and 29 patients with prediabetes were smokers. Periodontal parameters (plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and marginal bone loss) were measured, and the number of missing teeth were recorded. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were recorded. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected, unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) was determined, and IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 levels were measured. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> FBG (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05) and HbA1c (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05) levels were higher among patients with prediabetes than controls. All patients with prediabetes were hyperglycemic. UWSFR was significantly higher among controls than among patients with prediabetes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05). Periodontal parameters and whole salivary IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 levels were comparable among smokers and never\u2010smokers with prediabetes. Among controls, periodontal parameters and whole salivary IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 levels were higher among smokers than never\u2010smokers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Among controls, periodontal inflammation was worse, and whole salivary IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 levels are higher in smokers than never\u2010smokers. Among patients with prediabetes, periodontal inflammation and whole salivary IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 levels were comparable between smokers and never\u2010smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2015.140593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T05:49:26Z","timestamp":1423720166000},"page":"890-898","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Periodontal Status and Whole Salivary Cytokine Profile Among Smokers and Never\u2010Smokers With and Without Prediabetes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Fawad","family":"Javed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz A.","family":"Al\u2010Kheraif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad D.","family":"Al 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