{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:47:50Z","timestamp":1790912870394,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008294","name":"Louisiana State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Smokers have an increased incidence and severity of periodontal disease. Although cigarette smoke contains &gt;4,000 chemical components that could affect periodontal tissues, less is understood about the effect of smokeless tobacco. Therefore, this study compares the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and smokeless tobacco extract (STE) on cell survival and motility of periodontal ligament (PDL) and gingival fibroblasts in vitro.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> PDL and gingival fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of CSE, STE, or nicotine alone. Viable cells were labeled with calcein acetoxymethyl, visualized using fluorescent microscopy, and quantified using a fluorescence multi\u2010well plate reader. In vitro wounding and collagen gel contraction assays were used to assess cell motility.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Both gingival and PDL fibroblasts displayed reduced cell viability with increasing concentrations of CSE and STE. Based on relative nicotine content, CSE was significantly more cytotoxic than STE. PDL fibroblasts were also more sensitive to both CSE and STE compared with gingival fibroblasts. Finally, sublethal doses of CSE reduced cell motility and gel contraction, whereas STE had less effect. Nicotine alone \u22640.5 mM had little to no effect in any of these assays.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Many of the underlying effects of tobacco products on periodontal tissues may be due to direct inhibition of normal fibroblast function. CSE is found to be more deleterious to the function of both PDL and gingival fibroblasts than STE. PDL fibroblasts appear to be more sensitive to CSE and STE than gingival fibroblasts. 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