{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:57:24Z","timestamp":1792659444300,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Case Western Reserve University","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PAI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The role of humoral immunity has been well established in reducing infection risk and facilitating viral clearance in patients with COVID-19. However, the relationship between specific antibody responses and severity of COVID-19 is less well understood.\u00a0\nMethods: To address this question and identify gaps in knowledge, we utilized the methodology of a scoping review to interrogate risk of infection and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with iatrogenic and inborn humoral immunodeficiency states based on existing literature.\u00a0\nResults: Among patients with iatrogenic B-cell depletion, particularly with agents targeting CD20, our analysis found increased risk of severe COVID-19 and death across a range of underlying disease states. Among patients with humoral inborn errors of immunity with COVID-19, our synthesis found that patients with dysregulated humoral immunity, predominantly common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), may be more susceptible to severe COVID-19 than patients with humoral immunodeficiency states due to X-linked agammaglobulinemia and other miscellaneous forms of humoral immunodeficiency. There were insufficient data to appraise the risk of COVID-19 infection in both populations of patients.\u00a0\nConclusions: Our work identifies potentially significant predictors of COVID-19 severity in patients with humoral immunodeficiency states and highlights the need for larger studies to control for clinical and biologic confounders of disease severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v6i1.435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T15:48:33Z","timestamp":1621093713000},"page":"76-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients Undergoing B Cell Depletion Therapy and Those with Humoral Immunodeficiency States:  A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.20411","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-228X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4421-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiman","family":"Faruqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5853-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8773-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1789-4923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"container-title":["Pathogens and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.paijournal.com\/index.php\/paijournal\/article\/download\/435\/338","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.paijournal.com\/index.php\/paijournal\/article\/download\/435\/337","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.paijournal.com\/index.php\/paijournal\/article\/download\/435\/337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T15:51:33Z","timestamp":1621439493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.paijournal.com\/index.php\/paijournal\/article\/view\/435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20411\/pai.v6i1.435","relation":{},"ISSN":["2469-2964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2469-2964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]}}}