{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:30:40Z","timestamp":1787023840371,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Case Western Reserve University","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PAI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Poorly ventilated enclosed spaces pose a risk for airborne transmission of severe\u00a0acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory viruses. Limited\u00a0information is available on ventilation in motor vehicles under differing driving conditions.\nMethods: We conducted carbon dioxide measurements to assess ventilation in motor vehicles under\u00a0varying driving conditions with 2 to 3 vehicle occupants. During routine driving, carbon dioxide\u00a0produced by the breathing of vehicle occupants was measured inside 5 cars and a van under\u00a0a variety of driving conditions with or without the ventilation fan on and with windows open or\u00a0closed. Carbon dioxide readings above 800 parts per million (ppm) were considered an indicator\u00a0of suboptimal ventilation.\nResults: Carbon dioxide levels remained below 800 ppm in all vehicles if the ventilation fan was\u00a0on and\/or the windows were open while parked or during city or highway driving. With the\u00a0ventilation system set on non-recirculation mode, carbon dioxide levels rose above 800 ppm in all\u00a0vehicles when the fan was off and the windows were closed while parked and during city driving,\u00a0and in 2 of the 6 vehicles during highway driving. With the ventilation system set on recirculation\u00a0mode, carbon dioxide rose above 800 ppm within 10 minutes in all vehicles tested.\nConclusion: Carbon dioxide measurements could provide a practical and rapid method to assess\u00a0ventilation in motor vehicles. Simple measures such as opening windows, turning on the fan, and\u00a0avoiding the recirculation mode greatly improve ventilation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v7i1.493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T19:25:46Z","timestamp":1643829946000},"page":"19-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["SARS in Cars: Carbon Dioxide Levels Provide a Simple Means to Assess Ventilation in Motor Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.20411","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cadnum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Carlisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Hecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0990-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curtis","family":"Donskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1. 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