{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:56:22Z","timestamp":1790139382286,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Korea Society for Exercise Nutrition","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-pan.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phys Act Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>[Purpose] The aim of this review was to discuss the effects of vitamin D on physical performance and musculoskeletal injuries in athletes and provide information on the field applications of vitamin D. [Methods] A systematic review was conducted to identify studies on vitamin D in athletes that assessed serum vitamin D levels, vitamin D and physical performance, vitamin D and musculoskeletal injuries, and practical guidelines for supplementation of vitamin D. [Results] Several studies reported that a high proportion of athletes had vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. Low serum levels of vitamin D in athletes were more pronounced in winter than in other seasons, and indoor athletes had lower serum vitamin D levels than outdoor athletes. Low vitamin D levels have been demonstrated to have negative effects on muscle strength, power, and endurance; increase stress fractures and other musculoskeletal injuries; and affect acute muscle injuries and inflammation following high-intensity exercises. Therefore, periodic assessment and monitoring of vitamin D levels are necessary in athletes; the recommended serum level of 25(OH)D is &gt; 32 ng\/mL and the preferred level is &gt; 40 ng\/mL (-1). In those with low levels of vitamin D, exposure to sunlight and an improved diet or supplements may be helpful. Particularly, 2000\u20136000 IU of supplemental vitamin D3 can be consumed daily. [Conclusion] Vitamin D is a potential nutritional factor that can significantly affect physical performance and musculoskeletal injuries in athletes. The importance and role of vitamin D in athletes should be emphasized, and the current levels of vitamin D should be assessed. Therefore, it is essential to periodically evaluate and monitor serum vitamin D levels in athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.20463\/pan.2021.0011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T19:59:51Z","timestamp":1626811191000},"page":"20-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20463\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Vitamin D in athletes: focus on physical performance and musculoskeletal injuries"],"prefix":"10.20463","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sewoon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ohkyu","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jooyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"8359","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117743913"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1205363"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0340"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020579"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0267-6"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0841-9"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.10.005"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000001721"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2016-0248"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513475787"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/s0022-4707.18.08551-1"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1520055"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00347-8"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/jaaos-d-16-00464"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345827"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/ep.2013.0012"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jsm.0b013e3181f207f2"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102405"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118774329"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.03.006"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/h2012-037"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0266-7"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738114524517"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5763\/kjsm.2018.36.2.71"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"945","volume-title":"Low levels of vitamin D in professional basketball players after wintertime: relationship with dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium","author":"Besc\u00f3s Garc\u00eda","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Vitamin D3 supplementation and stress fractures in high-risk collegiate athletes - a pilot study","author":"Williams","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.07.008"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1410828"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"124","volume-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among elite Spanish athletes the importance of outdoor training adaptation","author":"Valtue\u00f1a","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101659"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Relationship between 25(OH)D levels and athletic performance in elite Polish judoists","author":"Ksi\u0105\u017cek","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183422"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-012-9645-y"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.230"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/953241"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04104-x"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0b013e3182a35ed0"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122724"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2018-0033"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.12.022"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738120953414"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713509240"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57030223"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120966967"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100715617042"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra070553"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7812\/tpp\/17-216"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-10-69"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00386-1"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Vitamin D status and biomarkers of inflammation in runners","author":"Willis","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3597"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.13746"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24077"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00971.2016"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6010063"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.847279"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Impact of vitamin D in sports: does vitamin D insufficiency compromise athletic performance?","author":"Butscheidt","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5061856"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.03.007"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051311"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"4816","volume-title":"A randomized trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in children: dose-response effects on vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption","author":"Lewis","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-21-19"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"478","volume-title":"A single mega dose of vitamin D3 improves selected physical variables in vitamin D-deficient young amateur soccer players: a randomized controlled trial","author":"Bezrati","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0093-8"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"1357","volume-title":"Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Tripkovic","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40996"}],"container-title":["Physical Activity and Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-pan.org\/upload\/pdf\/pan-2021-0011.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-pan.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.20463\/pan.2021.0011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-pan.org\/upload\/pdf\/pan-2021-0011.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T03:24:07Z","timestamp":1640921047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/e-pan.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.20463\/pan.2021.0011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20463\/pan.2021.0011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2733-7545"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2733-7545","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}