{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:51:46Z","timestamp":1791359506124,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Korea Society for Exercise Nutrition","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Samyang Foods Co., Ltd."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002641","name":"Konkuk University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-pan.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phys Act Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>[Purpose] This study investigated whether a five-amino-acid formulation integrating complementary anabolic, metabolic, and redox-supporting functions enhances skeletal muscle remodeling during resistance training.[Methods] Male C57BL\/6N mice were assigned to eight groups receiving vehicle, leucine (300 mg\/kg), or amino acid formulation (150-1,500 mg\/kg). All mice completed four weeks of ladder resistance training, while the assigned supplements were administered orally once daily. Muscle function, body composition, gastrocnemius fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), anabolic and metabolic signaling proteins, the muscular NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;\/NADH ratio, and circulating markers of muscle damage, inflammation, and glutathione status were assessed.[Results] The formulation improved grip strength at doses of 600-1,500 mg\/kg and increased gastrocnemius fiber CSA at 1,200 and 1,500 mg\/kg compared with vehicle (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; &lt; 0.05), without affecting body weight, food intake, body composition, or absolute muscle mass. It also enhanced AKT-related signaling and increased the expression of PGC-1\u03b1, citrate synthase, and UCP3. Several anabolic and mitochondrial protein responses exceeded those observed with leucine alone. The NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;\/NADH ratio increased at doses of 150, 900, and 1,200 mg\/kg, with the greatest response observed at 900 mg\/kg. The formulation reduced circulating TNF-\u03b1 at a dose of 1,200 mg\/kg, produced a dose-related decrease in CKM that approached statistical significance at 1,500 mg\/kg, and most prominently increased total and reduced glutathione levels at 900 mg\/kg.[Conclusion] The complementary amino acid formulation enhanced functional, structural, anabolic, metabolic, and redox adaptations during resistance training. These coordinated effects support its potential as a nutritional strategy for improving skeletal muscle quality during chronic resistance exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.20463\/pan.2026.0047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:23:12Z","timestamp":1790734992000},"page":"124-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20463\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A complementary amino acid formulation enhances exercise-induced skeletal muscle remodeling during resistance training"],"prefix":"10.20463","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Deunsol","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of 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