{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T02:34:16Z","timestamp":1788834856995,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"OAE Publishing Inc.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["oaepublish.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: This study aimed to investigate whether vesicle-like nanoparticles derived from the GeGen decoction (GGD-PDVLNs) represent a key bioactive component responsible for its anti-colitis effects and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms, particularly focusing on gut microbiota modulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: The GeGen decoction (GGD) was subjected to differential centrifugation following boiling, yielding vesicle-like nanoparticles. Structural analysis confirmed that these nanoparticles have a lipid bilayer and can resist digestion by simulated gastrointestinal fluids. These nanoparticles were administered orally to mice with chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium to evaluate their therapeutic effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: GGD-PDVLNs effectively mitigated intestinal inflammation by reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1)], elevating levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, alleviating intestinal damage, and enhancing intestinal barrier function, all while exhibiting a favorable biosafety profile. Notably, their therapeutic action depended on gut microbiota modulation. GGD-PDVLNs restored microbial homeostasis, increased microbial diversity, and enriched probiotic populations. In pseudo-germ-free mice, GGD-PDVLNs lost efficacy, confirming microbiota-dependent mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: Vesicle-like nanoparticles are an important active component of GGD. Our findings demonstrate that GGD-PDVLNs significantly ameliorate colonic inflammation through microbiota-dependent mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2025.134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T05:28:17Z","timestamp":1770874097000},"page":"234-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/oae.crossmark.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vesicle-like nanoparticles extracted from Pueraria lobata decoction alleviate colitis by modulating the intestinal 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