{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T19:09:38Z","timestamp":1778699378214,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"OAE Publishing Inc.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["oaepublish.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Environ Expo Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) - which include electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes, or simply e-cigs, and marijuana vaping have become increasingly popular. ENDS devices have been established as one of the tobacco quit methods and promoted to be safer compared to traditional tobacco cigarettes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that e-cigarette  and marijuana vape use can be harmful, with potential associations with cancer. Herein, we summarize the level of evidence to date for altered immune response, with a focus on cancer risks in the offspring after maternal use of, or aerosol exposures from, ENDS or marijuana vape during pregnancy. From 27 published articles retrieved from PubMed, we sought to find out identified carcinogens in ENDS aerosols and marijuana vapor, which cross the placental barrier and can increase cancer risk in the offspring. Carcinogens in vaping aerosols include aldehydes, metals, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, tobacco alkaloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds. Additionally, there was only one passive vaping exposure case study on a human fetus, which noted that glycerol, aluminum, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, and lead crossed from the mother to the offspring\u2019s cord blood. The carcinogens (metals) in that study were at lower concentrations compared to the mother\u2019s biological matrices. Lastly, we observed that in utero  exposures to ENDS-associated chemicals can occur in vital organs such as the lungs, kidneys, brain, bladder, and heart. Any resulting DNA damage increases the risk of tumorigenesis. Future epidemiological studies are needed to examine the effects of passive aerosol exposures from existing and emerging electronic nicotine and marijuana products on developing offspring to cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.20517\/jeea.2024.03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T05:52:50Z","timestamp":1713246770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/oae.crossmark.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nicotine or marijuana vaping exposure during pregnancy and altered immune responses in offspring"],"prefix":"10.20517","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5433-0991","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonas M.","family":"Ndeke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-2223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James E.","family":"Klaunig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-0654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Commodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"8410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"U.S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service. Smoking and health: report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the public health service. 1964. Available from: https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/app\/details\/GPO-SMOKINGANDHEALTH. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US), Office on Smoking and Health (US). How tobacco smoke causes disease: the biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease: a report of the surgeon general. 2010. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK53017\/. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tpc\/69393"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159263"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f7473"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02924-x"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"The Unites States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA permits marketing of e-cigarette products, marking first authorization of its kind by the agency. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-permits-marketing-e-cigarette-products-marking-first-authorization-its-kind-agency. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng209. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of New Zealand. Our position on vaping. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/vapingfacts.health.nz\/our-position-on-vaping.html. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1814130"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.01.022"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1488"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.08.030"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.008"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2018.02.005"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15792"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.09.002"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2018-0347"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"10 Cancers. In: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. Eaton DL, Kwan LY, Stratton K, editors. Public health consequences of e-cigarettes. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK507174\/. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: Report by WHO. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/fctc\/PDF\/cop6\/FCTC_COP6_10Rev1-en.pdf. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapaya M, D\u2019Angelo DV, Tong VT.   Use of electronic vapor products before, during, and after pregnancy among women with a recent live birth - Oklahoma and Texas, 2015. MMWR 2019;68:189-94. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/68\/wr\/mm6808a1.htm. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6808a1"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20062.2"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2016.03.001"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.36"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00440-w"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319832975"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126651"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00196"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqab004"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710633"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c00351"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.08.044"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/der.0000000000000771"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26352"},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK423845\/. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0373oc"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri803"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/era.12.159"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112625"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00365"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.694905"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11080684"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00064"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054535"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249552"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.22-144"},{"key":"B47","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Smokeless tobacco and some tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2007;89:1-592. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK326497\/. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0027-5107(99)00014-7"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.06.001"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30018-9_41"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24130"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116732"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.752342"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-0049-0"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14690667211040207"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114490"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-021-00103-3"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153272"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0206rc"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.864"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp6067"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718185115"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.9b00171"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03097-x"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14174"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14411"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00408.2019"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.03.009"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05639"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0036oc"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265365"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.765168"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02301"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.1c00309"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi325"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00174.s001"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.02.019"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.7.16500"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2017.1325065"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165040"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000003678"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102055"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108827"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00151"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr275"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-13-0350"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20201498"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34688"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8020025"},{"key":"B92","unstructured":"The Unites States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke: established list. 2012. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/tobacco-products\/rules-regulations-and-guidance\/harmful-and-potentially-harmful-constituents-tobacco-products-and-tobacco-smoke-established-list. [Last accessed on 11 Apr 2024]"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19761-w"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176022"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/grf.0000000000000698"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.109845"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440701638970"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050690"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106315"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.5217"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-2013pp"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4659-0"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3904"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-10070-1"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2016.05.065"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126351"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10120714"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920925117"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00170"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0654LE"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240613"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057221112188"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.113990"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.023"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9586-0"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.1c00290"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04289-7"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0644-y"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.95.4.442"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty127"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107876"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oaepublish.com\/articles\/jeea.2024.03","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oaepublish.com\/articles\/jeea.2024.03","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T05:53:03Z","timestamp":1713246783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oaepublish.com\/articles\/jeea.2024.03"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"alternative-id":["11"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/jeea.2024.03","relation":{},"ISSN":["2771-5949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2771-5949","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}}}