{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:33:44Z","timestamp":1770683624067,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"OAE Publishing Inc.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["oaepublish.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbiome Res Rep."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy, have improved cancer treatment outcomes, yet durable benefit is achieved in only a subset of patients. Growing evidence implicates the gut microbiome as a modulator of ICI responsiveness, but defined and experimentally validated microbial strategies remain limited. This study aimed to identify responder-associated gut microbes and to evaluate a defined bacterial consortium for enhancing PD-1 blockade efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Publicly available shotgun metagenomic datasets from anti-PD-1-treated cancer patients were re-analyzed to compare gut microbiome profiles between responders and non-responders. Bacterial taxa reproducibly enriched in responders were selected based on consistency across analytical criteria and cultivability and assembled into a four-strain consortium (UJ-04). The immune-adjuvant potential of UJ-04, alone or combined with anti-PD-1 therapy, was evaluated in a B16-F10 melanoma mouse model, with tumor growth and immune responses assessed by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Metagenomic re-analysis identified four commensal bacterial taxa consistently enriched in responder patients, forming the defined UJ-04 consortium. While UJ-04 alone showed minimal antitumor activity, combination treatment with anti-PD-1 significantly enhanced tumor growth inhibition compared with anti-PD-1 monotherapy. This effect was accompanied by increased intratumoral CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt; T cells and natural killer cells, with concordant immune trends in peripheral compartments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: A responder-informed, defined microbial consortium functionally translates clinical microbiome associations into in vivo validation and enhances PD-1 blockade efficacy by modulating host antitumor immunity. These findings support defined bacterial consortia as microbiome-based immunomodulatory adjuncts for immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.20517\/mrr.2025.117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:23:12Z","timestamp":1770628992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/oae.crossmark.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A responder-informed gut microbial consortium enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in a mouse cancer model"],"prefix":"10.20517","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Uk Jin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun 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