{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T15:45:08Z","timestamp":1776613508483,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Fuji Technology Press Ltd.","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K11291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K11291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004823","name":"Nagoya University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JRM","J. Robot. Mechatron."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, educational support robots that assist learning have attracted attention. This study focuses on robots that teach driving techniques. In driving schools, instructors teach drivers using a method that gradually teaches them about situations and actions. This teaching method is known as the GROW model. Previous studies have shown that collaborative learning with robots using the GROW model is an effective way of teaching driving behavior to university students. However, in today\u2019s society, the number of accidents caused by elderly drivers is increasing, and the demand for teaching driving behaviors to the elderly is high. Therefore, it is important to verify the effectiveness of this approach for elderly drivers. This study investigated the effects of collaborative learning with a robot using the GROW model on elderly people. A comparative experiment was conducted using three groups: a robot with the GROW model, a conventional robot without the GROW model, and a learning system. The experimental results showed that compared to the conventional robot and learning system, the robot equipped with the GROW model was more memorable for the elderly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T15:02:06Z","timestamp":1776610926000},"page":"608-618","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Learning Effect on the Elderly of Robots Teaching Driving Behavior Based on the GROW Model"],"prefix":"10.20965","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3540-5653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felix","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Aichi Prefectural University, 1522-3 Ibaragabasama, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1198, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syo","family":"Sugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AKKODiS Consulting Ltd., 3-4-1 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5285-1930","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Kanoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Chukyo University, 101-2 Yagoto Honmachi, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8666, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2770-2184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Data Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3892-7489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Hayase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Social Design, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, 17-3 Hosigaoka-motomatchi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8662, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"8550","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Yoshizawa, F. Jimenez, and K. Murakami, \u201cProposal of a behavioral model for robots supporting learning according to learners\u2019 learning performance,\u201d J. Robot. Mechatron., Vol.32, No.4, pp. 769-779, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20965\/jrm.2020.p0769","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2020.p0769"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Okawa, F. Jimenez, S. Akizuki, and T. Yoshikawa, \u201cProposal of learning support model for teacher-type robot supporting learning according to learner\u2019s perplexed facial expressions,\u201d J. Robot. Mechatron., Vol.36, No.1, pp. 168-180, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20965\/jrm.2024.p0168","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2024.p0168"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Kaede, F. Jimenez, and T. Miyamoto, \u201cImpact of negotiating the number of solved problems by a robot on junior high school students in collaborative learning,\u201d J. Robot. Mechatron., Vol.37, No.3, pp. 637-647, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20965\/jrm.2025.p0637","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2025.p0637"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.-H. Han, M.-H. Jo, V. Jones, and J.-H. Jo, \u201cComparative study on the educational use of home robots for children,\u201d J. of Information Processing Systems, Vol.4, No.4, pp. 159-168, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3745\/JIPS.2008.4.4.159","DOI":"10.3745\/JIPS.2008.4.4.159"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Shinozawa, F. Naya, J. Yamato, and K. Kogure, \u201cDifferences in effect of robot and screen agent recommendations on human decision-making,\u201d Int. J. of Human-Computer Studies, Vol.62, No.2, pp. 267-279, 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.11.003"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. A. Bainbridge, J. Hart, E. S. Kim, and B. Scassellati, \u201cThe effect of presence on human-robot interaction,\u201d The 17th IEEE Int. Symp. on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, pp. 701-706, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600749","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600749"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Fridin and M. Belokopytov, \u201cEmbodied robot versus virtual agent: Involvement of preschool children in motor task performance,\u201d Int. J. of Human-Computer Interaction, Vol.30, No.6, pp. 459-469, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2014.888500","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2014.888500"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Jimenez, T. Yoshikawa, T. Furuhashi, and M. Kanoh, \u201cEffects of a novel sympathy-expression method on collaborative learning among junior high school students and robots,\u201d J. Robot. Mechatron., Vol.30, No.2, pp. 282-291, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20965\/jrm.2018.p0282","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2018.p0282"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Belpaeme, J. Kennedy, A. Ramachandran, B. Scassellati, and F. Tanaka, \u201cSocial robots for education: A review,\u201d Science Robotics, Vol.3. No.21, Article No.eaat5954, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Suzuki and M. Kanoh, \u201cInvestigating effectiveness of an expression education support robot that nods and gives hints,\u201d J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Inform., Vol.21, No.3, pp. 483-495, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20965\/jaciii.2017.p0483","DOI":"10.20965\/jaciii.2017.p0483"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Tanaka et al., \u201cDriver agent for encouraging safe driving behavior for the elderly,\u201d Proc. of the 5th Int. Conf. on Human Agent Interaction, pp. 71-79, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3125739.3125743","DOI":"10.1145\/3125739.3125743"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Tanaka et al., \u201cPreliminary study for feasibility of driver agent in actual car environment\u2014Driver agent for encouraging safe driving behavior (3),\u201d J. of Transportation Technologies, Vol.10, No.2, pp. 128-143, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jtts.2020.102008","DOI":"10.4236\/jtts.2020.102008"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Tanaka et al., \u201cThe effect of adding Japanese honorifics when naming a driving-review robot,\u201d J. Robot. Mechatron., Vol.36, No.6, pp. 1577-1591, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20965\/jrm.2024.p1577","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2024.p1577"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Jimenez et al., \u201cEffects of robots teaching driving behavior using dangerous driving videos,\u201d J. of Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Intelligent Informatics, Vol.33, No.4, pp. 819-826, 2021 (in Japanese). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3156\/jsoft.33.4_819","DOI":"10.3156\/jsoft.33.4_819"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-15","unstructured":"I. Edwards, \u201cCan Drivers Really Teach Themselves?: A Practitioner\u2019s Guide to Using Learner Centred and Coaching Approaches in Driver Education,\u201d eDriving Solutions Ltd., 2011."},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Whitmore, \u201cCoaching for Performance: Growing Human Potential and Purpose (4th ed.),\u201d Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2009.","DOI":"10.1177\/0974173920100216"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Panchal and P. Riddell, \u201cThe GROWS model: Extending the GROW coaching model to support behavioural change,\u201d The Coaching Psychologist, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 12-25, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53841\/bpstcp.2020.16.2.12","DOI":"10.53841\/bpstcp.2020.16.2.12"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-18","unstructured":"S. Sugita, F. Jimenez, M. Kanoh, M. Hayase, and T. Yoshikawa, \u201cThe effect of a robot that employs a step-by-step coaching approach to teach driving behavior on university students,\u201d Proc. of the 40th Fuzzy System Symp., Article No.1A1-3, 2024 (in Japanese). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14864\/fss.40.0_6"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Tanizaki, F. Jimenez, T. Yoshikawa, T. Furuhashi, and M. Kanoh, \u201cEffects of educational support robots using sympathy expression method with body movement and facial expression on the learners in short and long-term experiments,\u201d Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems J., Vol.4. No.2, pp. 183-189, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25046\/aj040224","DOI":"10.25046\/aj040224"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Shiomi, T. Kanda, H. Ishiguro, and N. Hagita, \u201cInteractive humanoid robots for a science museum,\u201d IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol.22, No.2, pp. 25-32, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MIS.2007.37","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2007.37"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-21","unstructured":"J. W. Tukey, \u201cThe problem of multiple comparisons,\u201d Chapman and Hall, 1953."},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Y. Kramer, \u201cExtension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replications,\u201d Biometrics, Vol.12, No.3, pp. 307-310, 1956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3001469","DOI":"10.2307\/3001469"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. M. Bland and D. G. Altman, \u201cMultiple significance tests: The Bonferroni method,\u201d BMJ, Vol.310, No.6973, p. 170, 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.310.6973.170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6973.170"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Cohen, \u201cThe statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: A review,\u201d The J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol.65, No.3, pp. 145-153, 1962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0045186","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045186"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan, \u201cIntrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior,\u201d Springer, 1985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7"},{"key":"key-10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. J. Zimmerman, \u201cA social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning,\u201d J. of Educational Psychology, Vol.81, No.3, pp. 329-339, 1989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.81.3.329","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.81.3.329"}],"container-title":["Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.fujipress.jp\/main\/wp-content\/themes\/Fujipress\/hyosetsu.php?ppno=robot003800020023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T15:04:06Z","timestamp":1776611046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.fujipress.jp\/jrm\/rb\/robot003800020608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20965\/jrm.2026.p0608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1883-8049","0915-3942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1883-8049","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0915-3942","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]}}}