{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:49:54Z","timestamp":1783442994193,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The availability of limited funds from international agencies for the purchase of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in developing countries presents challenges, especially in prioritizing who should receive therapy. Public input and the protection of human rights are crucial in making treatment programs equitable and accountable. By examining historical precedents of resource allocation, we aim to provoke and inform debate about current ARV programs. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Through a critical review of the published literature, we evaluate 4 precedents for key lessons: the discovery of insulin for diabetes in 1922, the release of penicillin for civilian use in 1943, the development of chronic hemodialysis programs in 1961, and current allocation of liver transplants. We then describe current rationing mechanisms for ARVs. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2004.052738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,28]],"date-time":"2005-06-28T01:48:03Z","timestamp":1119923283000},"page":"1173-1180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Which Patients First? Setting Priorities for Antiretroviral Therapy Where Resources Are Limited"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Laura J.","family":"McGough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time this article was written, all authors were with the Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Laura J. McGough is also with the Department of the History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University. Steven J. Reynolds and Thomas C. Quinn are also with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time this article was written, all authors were with the Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Laura J. McGough is also with the Department of the History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University. Steven J. Reynolds and Thomas C. Quinn are also with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time this article was written, all authors were with the Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Laura J. McGough is also with the Department of the History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University. Steven J. Reynolds and Thomas C. Quinn are also with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Zenilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time this article was written, all authors were with the Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Laura J. McGough is also with the Department of the History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University. Steven J. Reynolds and Thomas C. Quinn are also with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70202-6"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2078263"},{"key":"R17","unstructured":"H.M. Marks, \u201cCortisone, 1949: A Year in the Political Life of a Drug,\u201d Bulletin of the History of Medicine 66 (1992): 419\u2013439."},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"For a historical background of hemodialysis, see Albert Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); S. Alexander \u201cThey Decide Who Lives, Who Dies,\u201d Life 53 (November 9, 1962): 102\u2013125; R.C. Fox and J.P. Swazey, The Courage to Fail: A Social View of Organ Transplants and Dialysis, 2nd ed (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978)."},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22172"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00216-2"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.35545"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16496-9"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R35.1","unstructured":"Christopher Kenyon, Jolene Skordis, Andrew Boulle, and Karrisha Pillay, \"The ART of Rationing-The Need for a New Approach to Rationing Health Interventions,\" South African Medical Journal 93 (2003): 56-60"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R35.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Badri, L.G. Bekker, C. Orrell, J. Pitt, F. Cilliers, and R. 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