{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T20:41:06Z","timestamp":1785444066178,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Disparities in health status between American Indians and other groups in the United States have persisted throughout the 500 years since Europeans arrived in the Americas. Colonists, traders, missionaries, soldiers, physicians, and government officials have struggled to explain these disparities, invoking a wide range of possible causes. American Indians joined these debates, often suggesting different explanations. Europeans and Americans also struggled to respond to the disparities, sometimes working to relieve them, sometimes taking advantage of the ill health of American Indians. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Economic and political interests have always affected both explanations of health disparities and responses to them, influencing which explanations were emphasized and which interventions were pursued. Tensions also appear in ongoing debates about the contributions of genetic and socioeconomic forces to the pervasive health disparities. Understanding how these economic and political forces have operated historically can explain both the persistence of the health disparities and the controversies that surround them. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2004.054262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,2]],"date-time":"2006-11-02T13:27:15Z","timestamp":1162474035000},"page":"2122-2134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":256,"title":["The Persistence of American Indian Health Disparities"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"David S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"David S. Jones is with the Center for the Study of Diversity in Science, Technology, and Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330370606"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00182168-83-1-3"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R10.1","unstructured":"Arthur E. Speiss and Bruce D. Speiss, \"New England Pandemic of 1616-1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication,\" Man in the Northeast 34 (1987): 71-83"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R10.2","unstructured":"Timothy L. Bratton, \"The Identity of the New England Indian Epidemic of 1616-19,\" Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62 (Fall 1988): 351-383."},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.268.5217.1601"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1894672"},{"key":"R27","unstructured":"Quoted in Gorges, Briefe Narration, 19:25\u201326n315."},{"key":"R34","unstructured":"Hierosme Lalemant, \u201cRelation of What Occurred in the Mission of the Hurons,\u201d in Jesuit Relations, 19:93, 19:97; Paul le Jeune, \u201cRelation of What Occurred in New France in 1637,\u201d in Jesuit Relations, 12:87; le Jeune, \u201cLetter to the Father Provincial,\u201d 1637, in Jesuit Relations, 12:237."},{"key":"#cr-split#-R61.1","unstructured":"US Public Health Service, Health Services for American Indians, Public Health Service Publication No. 531 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1957), 90-92"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R61.2","unstructured":"US Public Health Service, The Indian Health Program of the U.S. Public Health Service (Washington: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1966), 18-19"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R61.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeff Henderson, \"Native American Health Policy: From US Territorial Expansion to Legal Obligation,\" JAMA 265 (1 May 1991): 2272","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.265.17.2272"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R61.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraham B. Bergman, David C. Grossman, Angela M. Erdich, John G. Todd, and Ralph Forquera, \"A Political History of the Indian Health Service,\" Milbank Quarterly 77 (1999): 591.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.00152"},{"key":"R62","unstructured":"Herbert A. Burns, \u201cTuberculosis in the Indian,\u201d American Review of Tuberculosis 26 (July\u2013December 1932): 498\u2013499."},{"key":"R64","unstructured":"Fred T. Foard, \u201cHealth Services for the North American Indians,\u201d Medical Woman\u2019s Journal 571 (November 1950): 12."},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Nixon Hadley, \u201cHealth Conditions Among Navajo Indians,\u201d Public Health Reports 70 (September 1955): 835.","DOI":"10.2307\/4589203"},{"key":"R67","unstructured":"Sydney J. Tillim, \u201cMedical Annals of Arizona: Health Among the Navajos,\u201d Southwestern Medicine 20 (August 1936): 277."},{"key":"R68","unstructured":"Tillim, \u201cMedical Annals of Arizona: Health Among the Navajos,\u201d Southwestern Medicine 20 (October 1936): 391. For other examples, see Isaac W. Brewer, \u201cTuberculosis Among the Indians of Arizona and New Mexico,\u201d New York Medical Journal 84 (1906): 981\u2013982; Kober and others, Tuberculosis Among the North American Indians, 29\u201337; Ralph M. Alley, \u201cTuberculosis Among Indians,\u201d Diseases of the Chest 6 (February 1940): 45."},{"key":"#cr-split#-R69.1","unstructured":"Manuelito Begay, quoted in \"Minutes of the Navajo Tribal Council,\" 12 Febrary 1954, Walsh McDermott Papers, NewYork Weill Cornell Medical Center Archives, Box 11, Folder 7, p. 10"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R69.2","unstructured":"see also Kurt Deuschle, \"Tuberculosis Among the Navajo: Research in Cross-Cultural Technologic Development in Health,\" American Review of Respiratory Diseases 80 (1959): 201."},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.13.5.675"},{"key":"R74","unstructured":"J. G. Townsend, Joseph D. Aronson, Robert Saylor, and Irma Parr, \u201cTuberculosis Control among the North American Indians,\u201d American Review of Tuberculosis 45 (1942): 46."},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.16.6.911"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/116.6.451"},{"key":"R78","unstructured":"Lewis J. Moorman, \u201cTuberculosis on the Navaho Reservation,\u201d American Review of Tuberculosis 61 (1950): 589."},{"key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4017.23"},{"key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2002.0186"},{"key":"R82","unstructured":"\u201cAn Act to Transfer the Maintenance and Operation of Hospital and Health Facilities for Indians to the Public Health Service, and for Other Purposes,\u201d Public Law 568, United States Code, 83rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1954; Stephen J. Kunitz, \u201cThe History and Politics of US Health Care Policy for American Indians and Alaskan Natives,\u201d American Journal of Public Health 86 (October 1996): 1465."},{"key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.10.1362"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R91.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joan Stephenson, \"For Some American Indians, Casino Profits Are a Good Bet for Improving Health Care,\" JAMA 275 (19 June 1996): 1783-1785","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.275.23.1783"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R91.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsha F. Goldsmith, \"First Americans Face Their Latest Challenge: Indian Health Care Meets State Medicaid Reform,\" JAMA 275 (19 June 1996): 1786-1788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.275.23.1786"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R91.3","unstructured":"\"Special Report: Indian Casinos,\" Time Magazine 160 (8 December 2002): 44-58."},{"key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3491697"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2004.054262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T22:22:34Z","timestamp":1652134954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2004.054262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2004.054262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2004.054262","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}}}