{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:52:06Z","timestamp":1789995126851,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We explored the economic implications of conduct disorder (CD) among adolescents in 4 poor communities in the United States. We examined a range of expenditures related to this disorder across multiple public sectors, including mental health, general health, school, and juvenile justice. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We used self- and parental-report data to estimate expenditures during a 7-year period in late adolescence of a sample of youths. We contrasted expenditures for youths with CD and youths with oppositional defiant disorder, elevated symptoms (no CD diagnosis), and all others. Diagnosis was determined with a structured assessment. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Additional public costs per child related to CD exceeded $70000 over a 7-year period. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Public expenditures on youths with CD are substantially larger than for youths with closely related conditions, reflecting the importance of prevention and early treatment for the disorder. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2004.061424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,31]],"date-time":"2005-08-31T03:09:21Z","timestamp":1125457761000},"page":"1767-1772","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":270,"title":["The High Costs of Aggression: Public Expenditures Resulting From Conduct Disorder"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"E. Michael","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, E. Michael Foster was with the Methodology Center at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Damon Jones is with the Methodology Center at Pennsylvania State University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damon E.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, E. Michael Foster was with the Methodology Center at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Damon Jones is with the Methodology Center at Pennsylvania State University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"and The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Pincus HA, Pettit A. The societal costs of chronic major depression. 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