{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:52:42Z","timestamp":1787986362554,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective. We examined the feasibility and value of network analysis to complement routine tuberculosis (TB) contact investigation procedures during an outbreak. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We reviewed hospital, health department, and jail records and interviewed TB patients. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were genotyped. We evaluated contacts of TB patients for latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB, and analyzed routine contact investigation data, including tuberculin skin test (TST) results. Outcomes included number of contacts identified, number of contacts evaluated, and their TST status. We used network analysis visualizations and metrics (reach, degree, betweenness) to characterize the outbreak. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results.secondary TB patients and more than 1200 contacts. Genotyping detected a 21-band pattern of a strain W variant. No HIV-infected patients were diagnosed. Contacts prioritized by network analysis were more likely to have LTBI than nonprioritized contacts (odds ratio=7.8; 95% confidence interval=1.6, 36.6). Network visualizations and metrics highlighted patients central to sustaining the outbreak and helped prioritize contacts for evaluation. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. A network-informed approach to TB contact investigations provided a novel means to examine large quantities of data and helped focus TB control. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2005.071936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,4]],"date-time":"2006-10-04T02:45:28Z","timestamp":1159929928000},"page":"470-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Transmission Network Analysis to Complement Routine Tuberculosis Contact Investigations"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"McKenzie","family":"Andre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashef Ijaz, Lois A. Diem, and Beverly Metchock are with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. At the time of this investigation, McKenzie Andre was with the Epidemic Intelligence Service Program and Peter D. McElroy was with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, both at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Valdis E. Krebs is with Orgnet.com, Cleveland, Ohio. Jon D. Tilling-hast and Theresa Crisp are with the Tuberculosis..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashef","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashef Ijaz, Lois A. Diem, and Beverly Metchock are with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. At the time of this investigation, McKenzie Andre was with the Epidemic Intelligence Service Program and Peter D. McElroy was with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, both at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Valdis E. Krebs is with Orgnet.com, Cleveland, Ohio. Jon D. Tilling-hast and Theresa Crisp are with the Tuberculosis..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon D.","family":"Tillinghast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashef Ijaz, Lois A. Diem, and Beverly Metchock are with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. At the time of this investigation, McKenzie Andre was with the Epidemic Intelligence Service Program and Peter D. McElroy was with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, both at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Valdis E. Krebs is with Orgnet.com, Cleveland, Ohio. Jon D. Tilling-hast and Theresa Crisp are with the Tuberculosis..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdis E.","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashef Ijaz, Lois A. Diem, and Beverly Metchock are with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. At the time of this investigation, McKenzie Andre was with the Epidemic Intelligence Service Program and Peter D. McElroy was with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, both at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Valdis E. Krebs is with Orgnet.com, Cleveland, Ohio. Jon D. Tilling-hast and Theresa Crisp are with the Tuberculosis..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois A.","family":"Diem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashef Ijaz, Lois A. Diem, and Beverly Metchock are with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. At the time of this investigation, McKenzie Andre was with the Epidemic Intelligence Service Program and Peter D. McElroy was with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, both at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Valdis E. Krebs is with Orgnet.com, Cleveland, Ohio. Jon D. Tilling-hast and Theresa Crisp are with the Tuberculosis..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverly","family":"Metchock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashef Ijaz, Lois A. Diem, and Beverly Metchock are with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. At the time of this investigation, McKenzie Andre was with the Epidemic Intelligence Service Program and Peter D. McElroy was with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, both at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Valdis E. Krebs is with Orgnet.com, Cleveland, Ohio. Jon D. Tilling-hast and Theresa Crisp are with the Tuberculosis..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Crisp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashef Ijaz, Lois A. Diem, and Beverly Metchock are with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. At the time of this investigation, McKenzie Andre was with the Epidemic Intelligence Service Program and Peter D. McElroy was with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, both at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Valdis E. Krebs is with Orgnet.com, Cleveland, Ohio. Jon D. Tilling-hast and Theresa Crisp are with the Tuberculosis..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"McElroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashef Ijaz, Lois A. Diem, and Beverly Metchock are with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. At the time of this investigation, McKenzie Andre was with the Epidemic Intelligence Service Program and Peter D. McElroy was with the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, both at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Valdis E. Krebs is with Orgnet.com, Cleveland, Ohio. Jon D. Tilling-hast and Theresa Crisp are with the Tuberculosis..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States: recommendations from the American Thoracic Society, CDC, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America [published correction appears in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 54(45):1161]. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54(RR-12): 1\u201381."},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Reichler MR, Taylor Z, Castro KG. Tuberculosis contact investigations. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(12 suppl 3):S325\u2013S327."},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.8.1040"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Jereb J, Etkind SC, Joglar OT, Moore M, Taylor Z. Tuberculosis contact investigations: outcomes in selected areas of the United States, 1999. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(12 suppl 3):S384\u2013S390."},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124784-200211000-00010"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00170-2"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.8.991"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(92)90058-R"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425277"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323671"},{"key":"R14","unstructured":"McElroy PD, Rothenberg RB, Varghese R, et al. A network-informed approach to investigating a tuberculosis outbreak: implications for enhancing contact investigations. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(12 suppl 3): S486\u2013S493."},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.16141"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9801120"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, et al. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:907\u2013914.","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.4.907-914.1997"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Embden JD, Cave MD, Crawford JT, et al. Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting: recommendations for a standardized methodology. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:406\u2013409.","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.2.406-409.1993"},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000; 49(RR-6):7\u20138."},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0811.020408"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0811.020245"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0811.020299"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199803000-00009"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0811.020424"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462991913853"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342101"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Z, Barnes PF, Chaves F, et al. Diversity of DNA fingerprints of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36: 1003\u20131007.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.4.1003-1007.1998"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.24.2321"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beggs ML, Eisenach KD, Cave MD. Mapping of IS6110 insertion sites in two epidemic strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38: 2923\u20132928.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.2923-2928.2000"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803053381001"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314738"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2005.071936","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T22:52:34Z","timestamp":1652136754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2005.071936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2005.071936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2005.071936","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}}}