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We measured lead concentrations by anodic stripping voltammetry (in blood) and <jats:sup>109<\/jats:sup>Cd-induced K-shell x-ray fluorescence (in bone). We used multiple linear regression to identify predictors of lead concentrations. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Mean (SD) lead concentrations in blood, tibias, and patellae were 3.5 (2.4) \u03bcg\/dL, 18.9 (12.5) \u03bcg\/g, and 6.8 (18.1) \u03bcg\/g, respectively. Tibia concentrations were 29% higher in African Americans than in Whites (P &lt; .01). We observed effect modification by race\/ethnicity on the association of gender and physical activity to blood lead concentrations and by gender on the association of age to tibia lead concentrations. Patella lead concentrations differed by gender; apolipoprotein E genotype modified this relation. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. African Americans evidenced a prominent disparity in lifetime lead dose. Women may be at higher risk of release of lead from bone and consequent health effects because of increased bone demineralization with aging. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2007.118505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,30]],"date-time":"2008-05-30T01:36:40Z","timestamp":1212111400000},"page":"1248-1255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Gender and Race\/Ethnicity Differences in Lead Dose Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Keson","family":"Theppeang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keson Theppeang and Brian S. Schwartz are with the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Occupational and Environmental Health; Thomas A. Glass and Brian S. Schwartz are with the Department of Epidemiology; and Keson Theppeang, Karen Bandeen-Roche, and Charles A. Rohde are with the Department of Biostatistics, all at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Andrew C. 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