{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:04:49Z","timestamp":1790197489318,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We identified factors associated with testing HIV positive in a prison system performing voluntary HIV testing on inmates and estimated the number of undetected HIV cases to evaluate the efficacy of risk-factor\u2013based HIV testing. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We used logistic regression to estimate associations between HIV serostatus and HIV risk behaviors, mental health, coinfection status, and sociodemographic characteristics for prisoners entering the North Carolina Department of Correction from January 2004 through May 2006. We estimated the number of undetected HIV cases on the basis of age-, gender-, and race-specific HIV prevalences among prisoners and in the state. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Nearly 3.4% (718\/21 419) of tested prisoners were HIV positive. The strongest risk factors for infection among men were having sex with men (odds ratio [OR] = 8.0), Black race (OR = 6.2), other non-White race (OR = 7.4), and being aged 35 to 44 years (OR = 4.1). The strongest risk factor among women was Black race (OR = 3.8). Among HIV-positive prisoners, 65% were coinfected with HCV. We estimated that between 24% (223) and 61% (1101) of HIV cases remained undetected. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. The associations between HIV serostatus and a variety of factors highlight the potential limitations of risk-factor\u2013based HIV testing in prisons, as do the high number of potential undetected HIV cases. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2007.133389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]],"date-time":"2009-04-17T02:25:37Z","timestamp":1239935137000},"page":"1123-1130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Characteristics and Behaviors Associated With HIV Infection Among Inmates in the North Carolina Prison System"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, David L. Rosen was a student at the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Victor J. Schoenbach and Paul W. Stewart were with the School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. David A. Wohl and Carol E. Golin were with the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Becky L. White was with the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor J.","family":"Schoenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, David L. Rosen was a student at the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Victor J. Schoenbach and Paul W. Stewart were with the School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. David A. Wohl and Carol E. Golin were with the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Becky L. White was with the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Wohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, David L. Rosen was a student at the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Victor J. Schoenbach and Paul W. Stewart were with the School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. David A. Wohl and Carol E. Golin were with the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Becky L. White was with the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Becky L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, David L. Rosen was a student at the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Victor J. Schoenbach and Paul W. Stewart were with the School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. David A. Wohl and Carol E. Golin were with the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Becky L. White was with the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, David L. Rosen was a student at the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Victor J. Schoenbach and Paul W. Stewart were with the School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. David A. Wohl and Carol E. Golin were with the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Becky L. White was with the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol E.","family":"Golin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, David L. Rosen was a student at the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Victor J. Schoenbach and Paul W. Stewart were with the School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. David A. Wohl and Carol E. Golin were with the Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Becky L. White was with the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","unstructured":"The Health Status of Soon-to-Be-Released Inmates: A Report to Congress. Chicago, IL: National Commission on Correctional Health Care; 2002. Vol 1."},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.7.1218"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819802500108"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e500012007-001"},{"key":"bib5","unstructured":"Advancing HIV Prevention: Interim Technical Guidance for Selected Interventions. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003."},{"issue":"14","key":"bib6","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199808150-00005"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti055"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jth085"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabol WJ, Minton TD, Harrison PM. Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2006. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice; 2007.","DOI":"10.1037\/e542142008-001"},{"key":"bib11","unstructured":"HIV\/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2005. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2007. Vol 17."},{"key":"bib12","unstructured":"Sexually Transmitted and Other Reproductive Tract Infections: A Guide to Essential Practice. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005."},{"key":"bib13","unstructured":"Epidemiologic Profile for HIV\/STD Prevention & Care Planning. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services; 2007."},{"key":"bib14","unstructured":"Glynn M, Rhodes P. Estimated HIV prevalence in the United States at the end of 2003. Abstract presented at: National HIV Prevention Conference; 2005; Atlanta GA. Abstract T1-B1101."},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki392"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.14.6.367.24075"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","author":"Rosen DL","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","first-page":"28","volume":"97","author":"Hoxie NJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00210-1"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2007.133389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:03:05Z","timestamp":1652130185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2007.133389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2007.133389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2007.133389","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}