{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:57:52Z","timestamp":1788307072524,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> India provided one of the most challenging chapters of the worldwide smallpox eradication program. The campaign was converted from a project in which a handful of officials tried to impose their ideas on a complex health bureaucracy to one in which its components were constantly adapted to the requirements of a variety of social, political, and economic contexts. This change, achieved mainly through the active participation of workers drawn from local communities in the 1970s, proved to be a momentous policy adaptation that contributed to certification of smallpox eradication in 1980. However, this lesson appears to have been largely forgotten by those currently managing the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. We hope to show ways in which contemporary efforts to eliminate polio worldwide might profitably draw on historical information, which can indicate meaningful ways in which institutional adaptability is likely to help counter the political and social challenges being encountered in India. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2008.135624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,16]],"date-time":"2009-06-16T00:42:17Z","timestamp":1245112937000},"page":"1176-1184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A TALE OF TWO GLOBAL HEALTH PROGRAMS Smallpox Eradication's Lessons for the Antipolio Campaign in India"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Sanjoy","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanjoy Bhattacharya is with the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, London, UK. Rajib Dasgupta is with the Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajib","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanjoy Bhattacharya is with the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, London, UK. Rajib Dasgupta is with the Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For a representative report on the challenges in India, see Sanjit Bagchi, \u201cPolio Eradication Setback in India,\u201d Canadian Medical Association Journal 176(3) (2007): 311.","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.061716"},{"key":"bib3","unstructured":"Fenner F., Henderson D.A., Arita Z., Jezek, Ladnyi I.D. Smallpox and Its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988), 369\u2013371."},{"key":"bib12","unstructured":"See letter from D.A. Henderson, chief, SEU, WHO HQ, to R. Lickfett, senior programme officer, Swedish International Development Agency, Stockholm, July 1, 1974, File 948, Box 17, SEA\/WHO. An assessment of these themes is available in Sanjoy Bhattacharya, Expunging Variola: The Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947\u201377 (Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 2006)."},{"key":"bib15","unstructured":"John T. Jacob, \u201cCan We Eradicate Poliomyelitis?\u201d in Frontiers in Paediatrics, ed. , Sachdev H.P.S., Choudhury P. (New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 1996), 76\u201390."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib17","first-page":"22","volume":"76","author":"Dowdle W.R.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/K882-9792-3QYX-JKTD"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"1","volume":"125","author":"Puliyel J.M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02724277"},{"key":"bib24","first-page":"357","volume":"45","author":"Dasgupta R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib26","first-page":"81","volume":"44","author":"Thacker N.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib30","unstructured":"Dasgupta R., Chaturvedi S., Adhish V., et al. Social Determinants of the Polio Eradication Program\u20142006\u20132007 (New Delhi: International Clinical Epidemiology Network, 2007)."},{"key":"bib32","first-page":"367","volume":"45","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib35","first-page":"17","volume":"76","author":"Henderson D.A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"bib36","first-page":"500","volume":"126","author":"Arora N.K.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2008.135624","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T20:41:47Z","timestamp":1652128907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2008.135624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2008.135624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2008.135624","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}}}