{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:43:57Z","timestamp":1791999837666,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. We sought to describe the prevalence, characteristics, and mental health problems of children who experience perceived racial\/ethnic discrimination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. We analyzed cross-sectional data from a study of 5147 fifth-grade students and their parents from public schools in 3 US metropolitan areas. We used multivariate logistic regression (overall and stratified by race\/ethnicity) to examine the associations of sociodemographic factors and mental health problems with perceived racial\/ethnic discrimination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Fifteen percent of children reported perceived racial\/ethnic discrimination, with 80% reporting that discrimination occurred at school. A greater percentage of Black (20%), Hispanic (15%), and other (16%) children reported perceived racial\/ethnic discrimination compared with White (7%) children. Children who reported perceived racial\/ethnic discrimination were more likely to have symptoms of each of the 4 mental health conditions included in the analysis: depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. An association between perceived racial\/ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms was found for Black, Hispanic, and other children but not for White children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. Perceived racial\/ethnic discrimination is not an uncommon experience among fifth-grade students and may be associated with a variety of mental health disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2008.144329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,19]],"date-time":"2009-03-19T22:05:23Z","timestamp":1237500323000},"page":"878-884","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Perceived Racial\/Ethnic Discrimination Among Fifth-Grade Students and Its Association With Mental Health"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Tumaini R.","family":"Coker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumaini R. Coker is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Marc N. Elliott and David E. Kanouse are with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Jo Anne Grunbaum is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research, Atlanta, GA. David C. Schwebel is with the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc N.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumaini R. Coker is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Marc N. Elliott and David E. Kanouse are with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Jo Anne Grunbaum is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research, Atlanta, GA. David C. Schwebel is with the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Kanouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumaini R. Coker is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Marc N. Elliott and David E. Kanouse are with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Jo Anne Grunbaum is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research, Atlanta, GA. David C. Schwebel is with the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo Anne","family":"Grunbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumaini R. Coker is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Marc N. Elliott and David E. Kanouse are with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Jo Anne Grunbaum is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research, Atlanta, GA. David C. Schwebel is with the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Schwebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumaini R. Coker is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Marc N. Elliott and David E. Kanouse are with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Jo Anne Grunbaum is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research, Atlanta, GA. David C. Schwebel is with the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Janice","family":"Gilliland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumaini R. Coker is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Marc N. Elliott and David E. Kanouse are with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Jo Anne Grunbaum is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research, Atlanta, GA. David C. Schwebel is with the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan R.","family":"Tortolero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumaini R. Coker is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Marc N. Elliott and David E. Kanouse are with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Jo Anne Grunbaum is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research, Atlanta, GA. David C. Schwebel is with the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa F.","family":"Peskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumaini R. Coker is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Marc N. Elliott and David E. Kanouse are with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Jo Anne Grunbaum is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research, Atlanta, GA. David C. Schwebel is with the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumaini R. Coker is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Marc N. Elliott and David E. Kanouse are with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Jo Anne Grunbaum is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research, Atlanta, GA. David C. Schwebel is with the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.2.218"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676349"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026455906512"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200205000-00007"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl056"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.200"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402002109"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.9.2.141"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2006.08.002"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3202_11"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.7106012"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131600"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.04.007"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-005-0503-6"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.5.545"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-1-22"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00014"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/dbp.0b013e31802d0bb2"},{"key":"bib20","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition","year":"1994"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200104000-00013"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x"},{"key":"bib23","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Analysis of Complex Surveys","author":"Skinner CJ","year":"1989"},{"key":"bib24","volume-title":"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","author":"Wooldridge J","year":"2002"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.86.4.517"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00491"},{"key":"bib28","unstructured":"Coalition of Latin American and Caribbean Cities Against Racism, Discrimination and Xenophobia. First Annual General Conference of the Coalition of Latin American and Caribbean Cities Against Racism, Discrimination and Xenophobia; September 25\u201326, 2007; Montevideo, Uruguay."},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00957984960222002"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T16:33:45Z","timestamp":1652114025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2008.144329","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}