{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:53:16Z","timestamp":1792043596484,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. We investigated the modifying effect of state-level policies on the association between lesbian, gay, or bisexual status and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. Data were from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative study of noninstitutionalized US adults (N = 34 653). States were coded for policies extending protections against hate crimes and employment discrimination based on sexual orientation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Compared with living in states with policies extending protections, living in states without these policies predicted a significantly stronger association between lesbian, gay, or bisexual status and psychiatric disorders in the past 12 months, including generalized anxiety disorder (F = 3.87; df = 2; P = .02), post-traumatic stress disorder (F = 3.42; df = 2; P = .04), and dysthymia (F = 5.20; df = 2; P = .02). Living in states with policies that did not extend protections also predicted a stronger relation between lesbian, gay, or bisexual status and psychiatric comorbidity (F = 2.47; df = 2; P = .04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. State-level protective policies modify the effect of lesbian, gay, or bisexual status on psychiatric disorders. Policies that reduce discrimination against gays and lesbians are urgently needed to protect the health and well-being of this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2008.153510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]],"date-time":"2009-10-15T21:44:39Z","timestamp":1255643079000},"page":"2275-2281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":433,"title":["State-Level Policies and Psychiatric Morbidity In Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Hatzenbuehler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mark L. Hatzenbuehler is with the Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Katherine M. Keyes is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York; the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and the Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mark L. Hatzenbuehler is with the Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Katherine M. Keyes is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York; the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and the Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah S.","family":"Hasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mark L. Hatzenbuehler is with the Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Katherine M. Keyes is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York; the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and the Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93068-K"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa066082"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.084848"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195138382.001.0001"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200006001-00003"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38055.715683.55"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.058164"},{"key":"bib8","volume-title":"Tobacco Control Successes in California: A Focus on Young People, Results From the California Tobacco Surveys, 1990\u20132002","author":"Gilpin EA","year":"2004"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2006.017061"},{"key":"bib10","first-page":"22","volume":"26","author":"Chaloupka FJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00228-4"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952998809001538"},{"key":"bib13","volume-title":"Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America's Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It","author":"Brownell KD","year":"2004"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.7.1168"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2007.00544.x"},{"key":"bib16","volume-title":"Gay Marriage: For Better or For Worse?","author":"Eskridge WN","year":"2006"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.4.615"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.3.434"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021451703612"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021403820451"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.8_Pt_1.1092"},{"key":"bib24","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bib25","author":"Grant BF","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib26","volume-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version","author":"Grant BF","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.001"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01134-K"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00070-X"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1999.60.790"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.8.807"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006069"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.10.1097"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)01332-X"},{"key":"bib35","first-page":"144","volume":"23","author":"Hasin D","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01584.x"},{"key":"bib37","unstructured":"Software for Survey Data Analysis (SUDAAN)\n                      [computer program]. 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