{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:38:55Z","timestamp":1791995935333,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Petroleum is used widely in health care\u2014primarily as a transport fuel and feedstock for pharmaceuticals, plastics, and medical supplies\u2014and few substitutes for it are available. This dependence theoretically makes health care vulnerable to petroleum supply shifts, but this vulnerability has not been empirically assessed. We quantify key aspects of petroleum use in health care and explore historical associations between petroleum supply shocks and health care prices. These analyses confirm that petroleum products are intrinsic to modern health care and that petroleum supply shifts can affect health care prices. In anticipation of future supply contractions lasting longer than previous shifts and potentially disrupting health care delivery, we propose an adaptive management approach and outline its application to the example of emergency medical services. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2011.300233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,22]],"date-time":"2011-07-22T05:58:20Z","timestamp":1311314300000},"page":"1568-1579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Petroleum and Health Care: Evaluating and Managing Health Care's Vulnerability to Petroleum Supply Shifts"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Hess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeremy Hess is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, and the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Daniel Bednarz is with Sustainable Health Systems, Pittsburgh, PA. Jaeyong Bae is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Jessica Pierce is with the Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bednarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeremy Hess is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, and the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Daniel Bednarz is with Sustainable Health Systems, Pittsburgh, PA. Jaeyong Bae is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Jessica Pierce is with the Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeyong","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeremy Hess is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, and the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Daniel Bednarz is with Sustainable Health Systems, Pittsburgh, PA. Jaeyong Bae is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. 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