{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T05:55:42Z","timestamp":1778046942195,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We examined rates of and risk factors for repeat syphilis infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in California. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We analyzed 2002 to 2006 California syphilis surveillance system data. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. During the study period, a mean of 5.9% (range: 4.9%\u20137.1% per year) of MSM had a repeat primary or secondary (PS) syphilis infection within 2 years of an initial infection. There was no significant increase in the annual proportion of MSM with a repeat syphilis infection (P = .42). In a multivariable model, factors associated with repeat syphilis infection were HIV infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14, 2.37), Black race (OR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.12, 3.04), and 10 or more recent sex partners (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.12, 3.50). <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Approximately 6% of MSM in California have a repeat PS syphilis infection within 2 years of an initial infection. HIV infection, Black race, and having multiple sex partners are associated with increased odds of repeat infection. Syphilis elimination efforts should include messages about the risk for repeat infection and the importance of follow-up testing. Public health attention to individuals repeatedly infected with syphilis may help reduce local disease burdens. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2011.300383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]],"date-time":"2011-11-18T06:17:45Z","timestamp":1321597065000},"page":"e1-e8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Repeat Syphilis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in California, 2002\u20132006: Implications for Syphilis Elimination Efforts"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Stephanie E.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephanie E. Cohen is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, and the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond. Rilene A. Chew Ng, Michael C. Samuel, and Gail Bolan are with the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health. Kenneth A. Katz is with the HIV, STD, and Hepatitis Branch, Public Health Services, Health and Human Services Agency, County of San Diego, San Diego, CA. Kyle T. Bernstein is with STD Prevention and Control Services,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rilene A.","family":"Chew Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephanie E. Cohen is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, and the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond. Rilene A. Chew Ng, Michael C. Samuel, and Gail Bolan are with the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health. Kenneth A. Katz is with the HIV, STD, and Hepatitis Branch, Public Health Services, Health and Human Services Agency, County of San Diego, San Diego, CA. Kyle T. Bernstein is with STD Prevention and Control Services,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephanie E. Cohen is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, and the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond. Rilene A. Chew Ng, Michael C. Samuel, and Gail Bolan are with the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health. Kenneth A. Katz is with the HIV, STD, and Hepatitis Branch, Public Health Services, Health and Human Services Agency, County of San Diego, San Diego, CA. Kyle T. Bernstein is with STD Prevention and Control Services,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle T.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephanie E. Cohen is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, and the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond. Rilene A. Chew Ng, Michael C. Samuel, and Gail Bolan are with the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health. Kenneth A. Katz is with the HIV, STD, and Hepatitis Branch, Public Health Services, Health and Human Services Agency, County of San Diego, San Diego, CA. Kyle T. Bernstein is with STD Prevention and Control Services,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephanie E. Cohen is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, and the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond. Rilene A. Chew Ng, Michael C. Samuel, and Gail Bolan are with the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health. Kenneth A. Katz is with the HIV, STD, and Hepatitis Branch, Public Health Services, Health and Human Services Agency, County of San Diego, San Diego, CA. Kyle T. Bernstein is with STD Prevention and Control Services,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Kerndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephanie E. Cohen is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, and the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond. Rilene A. Chew Ng, Michael C. Samuel, and Gail Bolan are with the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health. Kenneth A. Katz is with the HIV, STD, and Hepatitis Branch, Public Health Services, Health and Human Services Agency, County of San Diego, San Diego, CA. Kyle T. Bernstein is with STD Prevention and Control Services,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Bolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephanie E. Cohen is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, and the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond. Rilene A. Chew Ng, Michael C. Samuel, and Gail Bolan are with the STD Control Branch, California Department of Public Health. Kenneth A. Katz is with the HIV, STD, and Hepatitis Branch, Public Health Services, Health and Human Services Agency, County of San Diego, San Diego, CA. Kyle T. Bernstein is with STD Prevention and Control Services,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases in California, 2008","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513427"},{"issue":"26","key":"bib3","first-page":"575","volume":"53","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib4","first-page":"269","volume":"55","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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