{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:47:40Z","timestamp":1792216060270,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. We assessed whether multiple psychosocial factors are additive in their relationship to sexual risk behavior and self-reported HIV status (i.e., can be characterized as a syndemic) among young transgender women and the relationship of indicators of social marginalization to psychosocial factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. Participants (n\u2009=\u2009151) were aged 15 to 24 years and lived in Chicago or Los Angeles. We collected data on psychosocial factors (low self-esteem, polysubstance use, victimization related to transgender identity, and intimate partner violence) and social marginalization indicators (history of commercial sex work, homelessness, and incarceration) through an interviewer-administered survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Syndemic factors were positively and additively related to sexual risk behavior and self-reported HIV infection. In addition, our syndemic index was significantly related to 2 indicators of social marginalization: a history of sex work and previous incarceration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. These findings provide evidence for a syndemic of co-occurring psychosocial and health problems in young transgender women, taking place in a context of social marginalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2011.300433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]],"date-time":"2012-02-16T15:55:29Z","timestamp":1329407729000},"page":"1751-1757","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":379,"title":["Syndemic Theory and HIV-Related Risk Among Young Transgender Women: The Role of Multiple, Co-Occurring Health Problems and Social Marginalization"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Brennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julia Brennan, Lisa M. Kuhns, Amy K. Johnson, and Robert Garofalo are with Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL. Marvin Belzer is with Children\u2019s Hospital of Los Angeles, CA. Erin C. Wilson is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Kuhns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julia Brennan, Lisa M. Kuhns, Amy K. Johnson, and Robert Garofalo are with Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL. Marvin Belzer is with Children\u2019s Hospital of Los Angeles, CA. Erin C. Wilson is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy K.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julia Brennan, Lisa M. Kuhns, Amy K. Johnson, and Robert Garofalo are with Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL. Marvin Belzer is with Children\u2019s Hospital of Los Angeles, CA. Erin C. 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